Aristotles Conception of Happiness Essay Example for Free

Aristotles Conception of Happiness Essay According to Aristotle, only a virtuous person can be truly happy. He doesn’t say we should aim at happiness, but rather that we do aim at happiness. Everyone wants to be happy and have happiness in his or her life, but people do not know how to go about this. If one lives in accordance with appropriate virtues then he or she will achieve this happiness. However, what is happiness? Most people think happiness as a physical pleasure or honor, so they do things they think is good. They think things like money, pleasure, and honor will bring them closer to happiness, but these things do not equal happiness. People think that theses things will bring them happiness, but that is because they do not know what happiness really is. These things are a mean towards obtaining happiness. Happiness is the fulfilling of human function, or the activity of the soul according to virtue. Happiness comes from the Greek word â€Å"eudaimonia,† which is fulfillment and success to the highest form of happiness. It is the central purpose of human life and a goal in itself. Aristotle says that every action seeks some good and every action seeks an end. Everyone is seeking the highest end, or the complete end, which is ultimately happiness. If someone wants to achieve happiness, they must first be a virtues person, or a â€Å"good† person. A virtue is achieved by maintaining the mean, or balance between two excesses. But it is not enough to think about doing the right thing or even intending to do it; one must actually have to do it. In order to understand what is good, we must know that there are three types of life: (1) Pleasure, according to the ignorant and vulgar; (2) Honor, according to the people who think happiness is doing well or living well; and (3) Study. The men who choose pleasure put pursuing a life of enjoyment above all else. And the men who choose honor wanted to be praised for the things they have done, so they are really only doing these acts for selfish reasons. And finally the men who choose study do it for their own sake of being to gain knowledge for themselves. Aristotle explains these three types of lives because we can now dismiss them as not being considered â€Å"good. † These views contradict the idea of good and thus support the idea of happiness being the â€Å"universal good. † Yet, happiness is not instantaneous. It must be achieved over time. Aristotle argues â€Å"Are we, then, to call no man happy as long as he lives, but to wait for end, as Solon said? And supposing we have to allow this, do we mean that he actually is happy after he is dead? † (Aristotle 23) In other words, can a man be called happy during his life? Or do we have to wait until he has passed to determine whether or not he had lived a happy life? Aristotle believes that happiness consists of achieving though the course of a lifetime in all goods, such as health, wealth, knowledge, friends, etc. These goods are also known as external goods and one needs these externals goods to be happy. Aristotle states, â€Å"For a man is not very likely to be happy if he is very ugly in person, or of low birth, or alone in the world, or childless, and perhaps still less if he has worthless children or friends, or has lost goods ones that he had. † (Aristotle 21) Aristotle’s conception of happiness supports the view of only the virtuous person can be said to be truly happy. â€Å"Happiness is believed to be the most desirable thing in the world† (Aristotle 14).

Depression in To Seem the Stranger, Fell of Dark, Carrion Comfort, and No Worst :: To Seem the Stranger Essays

Depression in To seem the Stranger, Fell of Dark, Carrion Comfort, and No Worst  Ã‚   I believe that there can be seen a progressive deepening of depression throughout Hopkins' so-called terrible sonnets. The poems I intend to look at will show this, starting with "To seem the Stranger lies my Lot", "I wake and Feel the Fell of Dark", "Carrion Comfort", "No Worst, there is None", and finally "My own Heart let me more have Pity on". The first of the above poems shows the beginning of Hopkins' descent into depression. This is followed by "I wake and Feel ...", illustrating Hopkins descending further into depression. The depths to which Hopkins sank are shown in "Carrion Comfort" and in "No Worst, there is None". Following this, "My own Heart ..." represents the beginnings of an ascent out of depression, and into a more stable frame of mind. Although the order of the poems are set by the editors of various collections, I think that the above order is the order in which they were written, based on their content. The symptoms of the early stages of depression, that of paranoia, listlessness and feelings of isolation are recounted in 'To seem the Stranger lies my Lot'. Although in some cases, these feelings tend to be a result of mental imbalance, and have little or no relationship with external reality, in Hopkins' case it would seem that his feelings of isolation are in some senses valid. Following Hopkins' decision to become a Catholic, he came to be rejected by his family. This then would explain his bitterness: Father and Mother dear, Brothers and sisters are in Christ not near And he my peace my parting, sword and strife. To seem the Stranger lies my Lot, lines 2-4 This bitterness he feels about the gulf that now exists between himself and his family is expressed in the irony of Christ being both the bringer of peace, and the cause of the "sword and strife". The paranoia common to the early stages of depression is also expressed: Only what word Wisest my heart breeds dark heaven's baffling ban Bars or hell's spell thwarts. To seem the Stranger lies my Lot, lines 11-13 The alliteration both of the repeated 'b' and 'ell' sounds show frustration at his being not allowed to write his poetry. He transfers the decision of his Jesuit superiors to "ban" his poetry to being one of God himself.

The Silver Linings Playbook Chapter 19

Sister Sailor-Mouth I'm at the Crystal Lake Diner with Tiffany; we're in the same booth as last time, eating our single-serving box of raisin bran, drinking hot tea. We did not say anything on the walk here; we did not say anything when we were waiting for our server to bring the milk, bowl, and box. I'm starting to understand that we have the type of friendship that does not require many words. As I watch her spoon the brown flakes and sugared raisins into her pink lips, I try to decide whether I want to tell her about what happened at the Eagles game. For two days now I have been thinking about that little kid crying, hiding behind his father's leg, and I feel so guilty about hitting the big Giants fan. I did not tell my mom, because the news would have upset her. My father has not talked to me since the Eagles lost to the Giants, and I don't see Dr. Cliff until Friday. Plus, I'm starting to think Tiffany is the only one who might understand, since she seems to have a similar problem and is always exploding, like on the beach when Veronica slipped and mentioned Tiffany's therapist in front of me. I look at Tiffany, who is sitting slouched, both elbows on the table. She's wearing a black shirt that makes her hair look even blacker. She has on too much makeup, as usual. She looks sad. She looks angry. She looks different from everyone else I know – she cannot put on that happy face others wear when they know they are being watched. She doesn't put on a face for me, which makes me trust her somehow. Suddenly Tiffany looks up, stares into my eyes. â€Å"You're not eating.† â€Å"I'm sorry,† I say, and look down at the gold sparkles in the table's plastic coating. â€Å"People will think I'm a hog if they see me eating while you watch.† So I dip my spoon into the bowl, drip milk onto the sparkly table, and shovel a small mound of milk-soaked raisin bran into my mouth. I chew. I swallow. Tiffany nods and then looks out the window again. â€Å"Something bad happened at the Eagles game,† I say, and then wish I hadn't. â€Å"I don't want to hear about football.† Tiffany sighs. â€Å"I hate football.† â€Å"This really isn't about football.† She continues to stare out the window. I look and confirm that there are only parked cars outside, nothing of interest. And then I am talking: â€Å"I hit a man so hard – lifting him up off the ground even – I thought I maybe killed him.† She looks at me. Tiffany squints and sort of smiles, like she might even laugh. â€Å"Well, did you?† â€Å"Did I what?† â€Å"Kill the man.† â€Å"No. No, I didn't. I knocked him out, but he eventually woke up.† â€Å"Should you have killed him?† Tiffany asks. â€Å"I don't know.† I am amazed by her question. â€Å"I mean, no! Of course not.† â€Å"Then why did you hit him so hard?† â€Å"He threw my brother down to the concrete, and my mind just exploded. It was like I left my body and my body was doing something I did not want to do. And I haven't really talked about this with anyone and I was hoping you might want to listen to me so that I could – â€Å" â€Å"Why did the man throw your brother to the ground?† I tell her the whole story – start to finish – letting her know I can't get the big guy's son out of my mind. I'm still seeing the little guy hiding behind his father's leg; I'm seeing the little guy crying, sobbing, so obviously afraid. I also tell her about my dream – the one where Nikki comforts the Giants fan. When I finish the story, Tiffany says, â€Å"So?† â€Å"So?† â€Å"So I don't get why you're so upset?† For a second I think she might be kidding me, but Tiffany's face does not crack. â€Å"I'm upset because I know Nikki will be mad at me when I tell her what happened. I am upset because I disappointed myself, and apart time will surely be extended now because God will want to protect Nikki until I learn to control myself better, and like Jesus, Nikki is a pacifist, which is the reason she did not like me going to the rowdy Eagles games in the first place, and I don't want to be sent back to the bad place, and God, I miss Nikki so much, it hurts so bad and – â€Å" â€Å"Fuck Nikki,† Tiffany says, and then slips another spoonful of raisin bran into her mouth. I stare at her. She chews nonchalantly. She swallows. â€Å"Excuse me?† I say. â€Å"The Giants fan sounds like a total prick, as do your brother and your friend Scott. You didn't start the fight. You only defended yourself. And if Nikki can't deal with that, if Nikki won't support you when you are feeling down, then I say fuck her.† â€Å"Don't you ever talk about my wife like that,† I say, hearing the sharp anger in my voice. Tiffany rolls her eyes at me. â€Å"I won't allow any of my friends to talk about my wife like that.† â€Å"Your wife, huh?† Tiffany says. â€Å"Yes. My wife, Nikki.† â€Å"You mean your wife, Nikki, who abandoned you while you were recovering in a mental institution. Why isn't your wife, Nikki, sitting here with you right now, Pat? Think about it. Why are you eating fucking raisin bran with me? All you ever think about is pleasing Nikki, and yet your precious Nikki doesn't seem to think about you at all. Where is she? What's Nikki doing right now? Do you really believe she's thinking about you?† I'm too shocked to speak. â€Å"Fuck Nikki, Pat. Fuck her! FUCK NIKKI!† Tiffany slaps her palms against the table, making the bowl of raisin bran jump. â€Å"Forget her. She's gone. Don't you see that?† Our server comes over to the table. She puts her hands on her hips. She presses her lips together. She looks at me. She looks at Tiffany. â€Å"Hey, sister sailor-mouth,† the server says. When I look around, the other customers are looking at my foulmouthed friend. â€Å"This isn't a bar, okay?† Tiffany looks at the server; she shakes her head. â€Å"You know what? Fuck you too,† Tiffany says, and then she is striding across the diner and out the door. â€Å"I'm just doin' my job,† says the server. â€Å"Jeez!† â€Å"I'm sorry,† I say, and hand the server all the money I have – the twenty-dollar bill my mother gave me when I said I wanted to take Tiffany out for raisin bran. I asked for two twenties, but Mom said I couldn't give the server forty dollars when the meal only costs five, even after I told Mom about overtipping, which I learned from Nikki, as you already know. The waitress says, â€Å"Thanks, pal. But you better go after your girlfriend.† â€Å"She's not my girlfriend,† I say. â€Å"She's just a friend.† â€Å"Whatever.† Tiffany is not outside of the diner. I look down the street and see her running away from me. When I catch up to her, I ask what's wrong. She doesn't answer; she keeps running. At a quick pace, we jog side by side back into Collingswood, all the way to her parents' house, and then Tiffany runs around to the back door without saying goodbye.

The Correlation Between Sleep Deprivation and Academic...

In a study conducted by Gilbert and Weaver, the correlation between sleep deprivation, sleep quality and academic performance was examined (Gilbert and Weaver, 2010). The degree of knowledge regarding this particular subject has not been well studied because of the small sample sizes used. As a result, the study investigates the link between the sleep habits of college students and academic performance in larger samples. The researchers hypothesized that the participants who had a higher level of sleep deprivation would have lower academic performance, measured in GPA, than those who practice adequate sleep habits. The survey acquired the â€Å"age, gender, GPA, and the number of courses on their transcript that shows dropped,†¦show more content†¦Lowry et al used a convenience sample survey of 103 college students, 50 males and 53 females, ages 18-45 years old. They employed a questionnaire that included 19 questions relating to sleep quality and sleep deprivation; however , the first 15 were taken and scored from the Groninger Sleep Quality Questionnaire which uses choices of true or false to measure the student’s quality of sleep. Questions 16-19 of the survey were researcher-made and assessed the student’s level of partial sleep deprivation and quantity of sleep during the past week as well as in an average week (Lowry et al., 2010). This was achieved by incorporating open-ended numerical responses. One question was also included about how many â€Å"all-nighters† the student had experienced in the past year (Lowry et al., 2010). The second portion of the survey included another open-ended question that helped gather data regarding academic success by asking the student’s GPA. Although unrelated to our proposal, they also collected the demographics including the area of study and major. Correlations were then calculated between the student GPAs and the other five variables in the study. The questionnaire was taken up imm ediately upon completion. The six variables that were assessed from the participant’s survey responses include sleep quality, academicShow MoreRelatedSleep Deprivation And Academic Performance1430 Words   |  6 PagesSleep Deprivation and Academic Performance in Adolescents Sleep deprivation is an increasing issue with adolescents. Statistics show that 60% of high schoolers report extreme daytime sleepiness. 20% to 33% of those high schools report falling asleep in class at least once during the week. Daytime sleepiness is only a small issue about sleep deprivation in students. Sleep deprivation negatively impacts school performance adolescent students because it interferes with brain development, create moodRead MoreSleep Quality And Academic Performance Essay1510 Words   |  7 Pagesfirst fundamental routine of sleep changes dramatically. College students rarely find themselves getting about eight hours of sleep every day. Thus started the idea of how a student’s academic performance can be affected by the amount of sleep they get. The research article, â€Å"Sleep Quality and Academic Performance in University Students: A Wake-Up Call for College Psychologists† written by Steven P. Gilbert and Cameron C. Weaver, represents the perfect study on how sleep quality and quantity can affectRead MoreThe Effects Of Sleep Deprivation On Academic Performance852 Words   |  4 Pagesundergraduate students is sleep deprivation. I am interested in this topic not simply because I am a student in the School of Public Health, but because I am an undergraduate student that is also affected by the lack of adequate sleep. Topic Definition Development For the Research Review Article, I wanted to understand how sleep deprivation affects undergraduates’ academic performance. My topic question is as follow: What is the underlining cause of sleep deprivation in undergraduate studentsRead MoreThesis Statement : Sleep Deprivation1414 Words   |  6 PagesEng 112.0004 Mrs. B. Peterson October 13, 2017 Sleep deprivation Thesis Statement: Sleep deprivation is harmful to college students because it hinders student learning and jeopardizes their safety while driving. I. Learning a. Memory b. Lack of attention II. Safety a. Fatigue b. Decision making Sleep is one of the unavoidable daily-living activities and it is one of the most important factors contributing to a person’s health. A quality sleep is essential for the physical, cognitive andRead MoreCollege Students Minds Are Getting Enough Sleep1618 Words   |  7 Pagesstudents’ minds is getting enough sleep. Many college students may not think sleep is an integral part of life, when in fact many researchers have found how truly important it is. College is a time when students are transitioning into young adulthood, with increasing amounts of personal responsibility (Brown, Soper, Buboltz , 2001). This increase in responsibility, that at one point didn’t exist because of familial support, can lead to an interference in student sleep patterns (Pilcher, Ginter, SadowskyRead MoreRelationship Between Technology Consumption And Sleep Deprivation984 Words   |  4 PagesThere exists a reasonably sized collection of studies that examine the relationship betwe en technology consumption and sleep deprivation. In this technology driven Information Age many researchers believe it is important to determine the affect of such electronic devices on the population’s health and day-to-day life. While measuring scales and values differ among articles, there is an agreement among researchers that in bed technology use is positively associated with Insomnia. The relationshipRead MoreSleep Deprivation And The Use Of Technology1222 Words   |  5 PagesThe objective of this study is to conclude if there is a correlation between ADHD symptoms, depression, sleep deprivation and the use of technology. The participants in this study will be 200 male and female third, fourth and fifth grade students from all socioeconomic levels. These students will be randomly assigned to one of two groups: 1) the majority of classroom assignments completed using technology 2) technology is not used to complete schoolwork. Data will be collected from parents a ndRead MoreSleep Deprivation And Its Effects On Children Essay1249 Words   |  5 PagesRichard Simmons once said, â€Å"There is no such thing as sleep deprivation, there is only caffeine deficiency.† College students everywhere have claimed this as their motto. From art majors who stay up late practicing charcoal and shading, to nursing majors who are stressing all night studying for their exams and practicums, to engineering majors who think a good night’s sleep is three or four hours, sleep has rarely been prioritised in college. Psychology Professors at the University of Hong Kong,Read MoreThe Relationship Between Sleep Deprivation And The Human Body1237 Words   |  5 PagesJason Sohn WRS 102 Roger Graves October 9, 2015 Annotated Bibliography: The relationship between sleep deprivation and the human body The act of sleeping is well acknowledged as an essential and healthy part of every human being s life. Until the 1950s, sleep was widely believed to be a passive act that every human had to go through at night. Through extensive study and research, scientists have learned that sleeping affects our physical and emotional functioning during the day, including mentalRead MoreSleep Habits And Academic Performance2225 Words   |  9 Pages Sleep Habits and Academic Performance Johnny Christopherson University of South Dakota â€Æ' Literature Review Many factors such as self-concept, moods and sleepiness influence the academic performance and motivation of college students. Research collections and recent data have suggested that sleep is very important and beneficial for memory, comprehension, attention, and academic success. This data has uncovered a noticeable relationship between amount and quality of sleep with learning abilities

The Old Woman and Miss Cunegund - 869 Words

Candide is a satirical piece written by Voltaire, the great French historian and philosopher during the Age of Enlightenment. There are two contrasting female characters in the literature. Cunegund is the daughter of a baron who experiences unbearable miseries. An unnamed old woman is a servant of Cunegund who was born as a daughter of a Pope. Candide, who is Cunegund’s lover, is also a traveling companion. Even though both Cunegund and the old woman share similarities in their respective lives, and possess admirable strength, they contrast in that the old woman is pessimistic and realistic while Cunegund is optimistic and impractical. The old woman is more practical and realistic than Cunegund, who is looking for her jewels and other†¦show more content†¦However, Cunegund takes pleasure in telling her companions that they are now on their voyage to a new place and believes that all will be well. She also suggests to them not to consider as seriously whatever sad incidents which they have encountered. She conveys, however, that she cannot help but reflect on the memories of her experience. The old woman shows pessimism in the adventure with Cunegund, but Cunegund conveys the hope that indeed they will find peace and enjoyment. Even though Cunegund has manifests hopelessness in one line of the story, she makes reservation for new opportunities when Candide expresses the expectations that they are on their way to a new and probably better world. It may have turned out differently if Candide was not at her side. Even though Cunegund and the old lady have different attitudes and outlooks toward life, they share similarities in their respective lives. From riches, they go down to horrible and pitiful existences. They first savor luxury, comfort and distinction, and are the objects of attention. Then, every happy moment fades and disappears as adversity begins to set in, and a barrage of other undesirable circumstances follows. While both females have unhappy pasts, the old woman completely shrugs off her sad experiences in stride. In the case of Cunegund, she still maintains resentment over her previous encounters in life. As Cunegund narrates a litany of hardships whichShow MoreRelatedVoltaire s View Of Voltaire1213 Words   |  5 Pagesthan this. This is what makes Voltaire criticize part of Europeans. Voltaire did satirize different institutions for instance, other philosophers, many religious people, protestant pastors, and minority groups. He criticizes the church when the old woman begun saying â€Å"you must know that I am the daughter of pope Urban X and of the princess of Palestrina (In chapter 11)†. Voltaire explains that there is no pope named Urban X and he uses this opportunity to condemn the church. He means that the CatholicRead MoreRoad to El Dorado Essay597 Words   |  3 Pagesto find Cunegund, and he wants to be of higher status. In El Dorado, everyone has wealth; but if Candide leaves with some pebbles from El Dorado he can richer then the nobles in Europe. With these reasons in mind, Candide prepares for his departure from the perfect Utopia. The seemingly perfect Utopia is not that perfect for Candide, for there are a few things that Candide must have in his world that are not present in El Dorado. Candide was forced to leave his beautiful love, Cunegund. This was

The Australian Red Cross Blood Service - 1796 Words

1. Context and Problem The Australian Red Cross Blood Service (ARCBS) has identified a long-standing issue of poor repeat blood donation from young donors, in particular males. While this group of the population has a high number of new donors, it has been found they are also the least loyal, which poses a problem for both current and future blood stocks. As a marketing consultancy firm, we have been commissioned to analyse the issues surrounding blood donation in Australia, and to devise three cost-effective marketing strategies aimed at increasing repeat donation from this demographic. 2. Literature Review The topic of blood donation well-researched, with strategies having been devised to try and increase donation rates all over the world. Australia faces a challenging set of circumstances, in which remuneration for donation is illegal (ARCBS, 2016). It is thought this may be a contributing factor to the poor repeat donation rates in youth demographics, for whom altruism is no longer a primary driving factor when considering donation (Evans Ferguson, 2013). Since the iconic work by Titmuss (1970), blood donation has been considered one of the only â€Å"true† altruistic behaviours, and many marketing strategies have been engineered around this concept. Several authors, however, have argued that blood donation is not a case of â€Å"true altruism†, and is actually a case of â€Å"impure altruism†, whereby the donor receives personal utility and improvement to self-perception fromShow MoreRelatedThe Australian Red Cross Blood Service1030 Words   |  5 Pagesconve y complex ideas that text alone cannot. Images also possess the ability to be simultaneously simple and natural while playing with the wits of the viewer. The Australian Red Cross Blood Service (ARCBS) is a part of the International Red Cross that seeks donations of two varieties for assistance in medical treatments namely cash and blood. The image that I have chosen is an ad print published by the ARCBS with assistance from a reputed ad agency MC Saatchi. The advertisement proposes that thoughRead MoreThe Australian Red Cross Blood Service Essay1828 Words   |  8 Pages1. Context and Problem The Australian Red Cross Blood Service (ARCBS) has identified a long-standing issue of poor repeat blood donation from young donors, in particular males. While this group of the population has a high number of new donors, it has been found they are also the least loyal, which poses a problem for both current and future blood stocks. As a marketing consultancy firm, we have been commissioned to analyse the issues surrounding blood donation in Australia, and to devise threeRead MoreSocial Marketing - Australian Red Cross Blood Service Essay4935 Words   |  20 PagesSOCIAL MARKETING report Blood Brothers Campaign Mk418 social marketing Australia Red Cross Blood Service Executive Summary This Social Marketing Plan was commissioned by the Australian Red Cross Blood Service (ARCBS). The aim of the plan is to encourage the return of first time blood donors specifically Generation Y, males aged 18-25. The lack of returning donors especially young people has prompted the need for strategy to â€Å"win-back† one time only donors. AnalysisRead MoreThe Social Marketing Of Australian Red Cross Organisation1870 Words   |  8 Pagesassignment, what kind of service messages, audience and market they have chosen in order to provide the people a better life to live. Apart from this, the strength, weakness and career opportunities of the organisations have been critically described in order to provide a better solution to improve the service level. In this report, the effect of supporting a message, media have been also evaluated and in order to describe the social marketing in an effective way, Australian Red Cross organisation has beenRead MoreWhy soldiers enlisted in WW1 Essay1310 Words   |  6 Pagesonly a small reason as to why the Australian’s enlisted. Australia (as a country) felt a loyalty towards the mother country, Britain and that the war would be a good opportunity to improve Australias international reputation. Many individual Australians also joined the war for a variety of reasons. Some felt a strong loyalty to Britain who had supported Australia, and now, they felt, was the time for them to do their bit. Others enlisted simply to prove they were brave enough to fight, but someRead MoreResearch Report – Young Peoples’ Attitude, Behaviour and Motivation for Blood Donation3244 Words   |  13 Pagespeoples’ attitude, behaviour and motivation for blood donation. Table of Contents 1. Introduction 4 2. Literature review 5 3. Research objective 6 4. Methodology 8 5. Results 8 6. Discussion 12 7. Conclusions and Implications 13 8. Limitations and Recommendations 13 Abstract With one in three Australian’s needing blood in their lifetime, but only one in thirty donating, the need for the Australian Red Cross Blood Service to maximise donor recruitment and retention hasRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility And Its Legal Requirements1366 Words   |  6 Pagesthe profits lower. And as profit increases, the ethics lowers. So in overall, in CSR you would have to choose a certain choice over another choice. Industry example Tourism and hospitality businesses such as Mantra hotel is a great example of an Australian company that has implemented and successfully achieved positive outcomes from their CSR. Mantra hotel aims to continuously improve the level of social and ethical policies of their four CSR policies which are: Community, environment, market placeRead MoreOrgan Donation and Transplantation 982 Words   |  4 Pagesorgan can save up to 10 people and may improve the lives of thousands more (Australian Red Cross Blood Service, 2011). Most of the donated organs and tissues came from people who already died but in some cases, a living person can donate organs such as kidneys, heart, liver, pancreas, intestines, lungs and some tissues such as skin, bone, bone marrow and cornea (Health Resources and Services Administration, 2013) as well as blood, stem cells, and platelets (Taranto, 2012). Over 100,000 US citizens areRead More The Red Cross in East Africa Essay3673 Words   |  15 PagesThe Red Cros s in East Africa This report is about the Tanzania Red Cross written after community service fieldwork by eleven students from the East African Uongozi Institute, between 04th and 10th July , 2002. The Community service involved working with the Red Cross in the Dar es salaam International Trade Fair[DITF] which was on at the time and we were allocated to work at the Red Cross tents at the Fair ground to help administer first aid to any causalities. The East African Uongozi InstituteRead MoreThe World War One : A Devastating Effect On The Australian And Tasmanian Society1340 Words   |  6 Pagessevere shock, distress or grief.’ World War One is the war that historians often describe as ‘devastating’. â€Å"It is undoubtedly one of the most terrible chapters in our history†. The Great War, as it is commonly known, had a devastating effect on the Australian and Tasmanian society, through the psychological torment that haunted the soldiers, nurses and civilians. A question prominent in the events leading up to the centenary of the landing at Gallipoli was, ‘Why should we commemorate the centenary of

Anselm And Aquinas Essay Example For Students

Anselm And Aquinas Essay Although born in Alpine Italy and educated in Normandy, Anselm became aBenedictine monk, teacher, and abbot at Bec and continued his ecclesiasticalcareer in England. Having been appointed the second Norman archbishop ofCanterbury in 1093, Anselm secured the Westminster Agreement of 1107,guaranteeing the (partial) independence of the church from the civil state. In aseries of short works such as De Libertate Arbitrii (On Free Will), De CasuDiaboli (The Fall of the Devil), and Cur Deus Homo (Why God became Man), Anselmpropounded a satisfaction theory of the atonement and defended a theology likeAugustines, that emphasized the methodological priority of faith over reason,since truth is to be achieved only through faith seekingunderstanding. Anselms combination of Christianity, neoplatonicmetaphysics, and Aristotelean logic in the form of dialecticalquestion-and-answer was an important influence in the development of laterscholasticism. As a philosopher, Anselm is most often remembered f or hisattempts to prove the existence of god: In De Veritate (Of Truth) he argued thatall creatures owe their being and value to god as the source of all truth, towhom a life lived well is the highest praise. In the Monologion he describeddeity as the one good thing from which all real moral values derive, whoseexistence is required by the reality of those values. Most famously, in theProslogion (Addition), Anselm proposed the famous Ontological Argument,according to which god is understood as that than which nothing greatercan be conceived. Such a being, he argued, must necessarily exist inreality as well as in thought, since otherwise it would in fact be possible toconceive something greatersomething exactly similar except for its existence. Thus, at least for Anselmian believers guided by a prior faith, god must trulyexist as the simple, unified source of all perfections, which excludescorruption, imperfection, and deception of eve. Reflecting on the text of Psalm14 (Fools say in their hearts, There is no god.') in his Proslogion,Anselm proposed a proof of divine reality that has come to be known as theOntological Argument. The argument takes the Psalmist quite literally bysupposing that in virtue of the content of the concept of god there is acontradiction involved in the denial of gods existence. Anselm supposes that inorder to affirm or deny anything about god, we must first form in our minds theappropriate concept, namely the concept of that than which nothing greatercan be conceived. Having done so, we have in mind the idea of god. But ofcourse nothing about reality usually follows from what we have in mind, since weoften think about things that do not (or even cannot) actually exist. In thecase of this special con cept, however, Anselm argued that what we could think ofmust in fact exist independently of our thinking of it. Suppose the alternative:if that than which nothing greater can be conceived existed only in my mind andnot in reality, then I could easily think of something else which would in factbe greater than this (namely, the same thing existing in reality as well as inmy mind), so that what I originally contemplated turns out not in fact to bethat than which nothing greater can be conceived. Since this is a contradiction,only a fool would believe it. So that than which nothing greater can beconceived (that is, god) must exist in reality as well as in the mind. Born toan aristocratic family living near Naples, Italy, Thomas Aquinas joined theDominican order and studied philosophy and theology in Naples, Paris, and K?ln,where he was exposed to Aristotelean thought by Albert the Great and William ofMoerbeke. During the rest of his life, he taught at Paris and Rome, writingmillions of words on philosophical and theological issues and earning hisreputation among the scholastics as the angelic doctor. Aquinasdeveloped in massive detail a synthesis of Christianity and Aristotelianphilosophy that became the official doctrine of Roman Catholic theology in 1879. .ua84f4904c8448e57a8f69492485ef33a , .ua84f4904c8448e57a8f69492485ef33a .postImageUrl , .ua84f4904c8448e57a8f69492485ef33a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua84f4904c8448e57a8f69492485ef33a , .ua84f4904c8448e57a8f69492485ef33a:hover , .ua84f4904c8448e57a8f69492485ef33a:visited , .ua84f4904c8448e57a8f69492485ef33a:active { border:0!important; } .ua84f4904c8448e57a8f69492485ef33a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua84f4904c8448e57a8f69492485ef33a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua84f4904c8448e57a8f69492485ef33a:active , .ua84f4904c8448e57a8f69492485ef33a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua84f4904c8448e57a8f69492485ef33a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua84f4904c8448e57a8f69492485ef33a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua84f4904c8448e57a8f69492485ef33a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua84f4904c8448e57a8f69492485ef33a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua84f4904c8448e57a8f69492485ef33a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua84f4904c8448e57a8f69492485ef33a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua84f4904c8448e57a8f69492485ef33a .ua84f4904c8448e57a8f69492485ef33a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua84f4904c8448e57a8f69492485ef33a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Slaughter House Five EssayDe Ente et Essentia (On Being and Essence) includes a basic statement ofAquinass philosophical positions. His literary activity stopped abruptly as theresult of a religious experience a few months before his death. Although hewrote many commentaries on the works of Aristotle and a comprehensive Summa deVeritate Catholicae Fidei contra Gentiles (Summa) Contra Gentiles) (1259-1264),Aquinass unfinished Summa Theologica (1265-1273) represents the most completestatement of his philosophical system. The sections of greatest interest forsurvey courses include his views on the nature of god, including the five waysto prove gods existence, and his expo sition of natural law. Although matters ofsuch importance should be accepted on the basis of divine revelation alone,Aquinas held, it is at least possible (and perhaps even desirable) in somecircumstances to achieve genuine knowledge of them by means of the strictapplication of human reason. As embodied souls, human beings naturally rely onsensory information for their knowledge of the world. Anselms OntologicalArgument is not acceptable, Aquinas argued, since we are in fact ignorant of thedivine essence from which it is presumed to begin. We cannot hope to demonstratethe necessary existence of a being whose true nature we cannot even conceive bydirect or positive means. Instead, Aquinas held, we must begin with the sensoryexperiences we do understand and reason upward from them to their origin insomething eternal. In this vein, Aquinas presented his own Five Waysto prove the existence of god. The first three of these ways are all variationsof the Cosmological Argument. The first wa y is an argument from motion, derivedfairly directly from Aristotles Metaphysics: 1.There is something moving. 2.Everything that moves is put into motion by something else. 3.But this seriesof antecedent movers cannot reach back infinitely. 4.Therefore, there must be afirst mover (which is god). The second way has the same structure, but beginsfrom experience of an instance of efficient cause, and the third way relies moreheavily upon a distinction between uncertain and necessary being. Aquinassfourth way is a variety of Moral Argument. It begins with the factual claim thatwe do make judgments about the relative perfection of ordinary things. But thecapacity to do so, Aquinas argued, presupposes an absolute standard ofperfection to which we compare everything else. This argument relies moreheavily on Platonic and Augustinian notions, and has the advantage of defendingthe existence of god as moral exemplar rather than as abstract initiator ofreality. The fifth way is the Teleological Argument: the order and arrangementof the natural world (not merely its existence) bespeaks the deliberate desi gnof an intelligent creator. Although it is an argument by analogy, which can atbest offer only probable reason for believing the truth of its conclusion, thisproof offers a concept of god that most fully corresponds to the traditionalelements of medieval Christian theology. Since its experiential basis lies inour understanding of the operation of nature, this line of reasoning tends tobecome more compelling the more thorough our scientific knowledge is advanced.