Prehistoric Life During the Ordovician Period

One of the lesser-known geologic spans in the earths history, the Ordovician period (448 to 443 million years ago) didnt witness the same extreme burst of evolutionary activity that characterized the preceding Cambrian period; rather, this was the time when the earliest arthropods and vertebrates expanded their presence in the worlds oceans. The Ordovician is the second period of the Paleozoic Era (542-250 million years ago), preceded by the Cambrian and succeeded by the Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous and Permian periods. Climate and Geography For most of the Ordovician period, global conditions were as stifling as during the preceding Cambrian; air temperatures averaged about 120 degrees Fahrenheit worldwide, and sea temperatures may have reached as high as 110 degrees at the equator. By the end of the Ordovician, however, the climate was much cooler, as an ice cap formed on the south pole and glaciers covered adjacent landmasses. Plate tectonics carried the earths continents to some strange places; for example, much of what would later become Australia and Antarctica protruded into the northern hemisphere! Biologically, these early continents were important only insofar as their coastlines provided sheltered habitats for shallow-water marine organisms; no life of any kind had yet conquered land. Invertebrate Marine Life Few non-experts have heard of it, but the Great Ordovician Biodiversity Event (also known as the Ordovician Radiation) was second only to the Cambrian Explosion in its importance to the early history of life on earth. Over the course of 25 or so million years, the number of marine genera around the world quadrupled, including new varieties of sponges, trilobites, arthropods, brachiopods, and echinoderms (early starfish). One theory is that the formation and migration of new continents encouraged biodiversity along their shallow coastlines, although climatic conditions also likely came into play. Vertebrate Marine Life Practically all you need to know about vertebrate life during the Ordovician period is contained in the aspises, especially Arandaspis and Astraspis. These were two of the first jawless, lightly armored prehistoric fish, measuring anywhere from six to 12 inches long and vaguely reminiscent of giant tadpoles. The bony plates of Arandaspis and its ilk would evolve in later periods into the accoutrements of modern fish, further reinforcing the basic vertebrate body plan. Some paleontologists also believe that the numerous tiny, worm-like conodonts found in Ordovician sediments count as true vertebrates. If so, these may have been the first vertebrates on earth to evolve teeth. Plant Life As with the preceding Cambrian, evidence for terrestrial plant life during the Ordovician period is maddeningly elusive. If land plants did exist, they consisted of microscopic green algae floating on or just underneath the surface of ponds and streams, along with equally microscopic early fungi. However, it wasnt until the Silurian period that the first terrestrial plants appeared for which we have solid fossil evidence. Evolutionary Bottleneck On the other side of the evolutionary coin, the end of the Ordovician period marked the first great mass extinction in the history of life on earth for which we have ample fossil evidence (there were certainly periodic extinctions of bacteria and single-celled life during the preceding Proterozoic Era). Plunging global temperatures, accompanied by drastically lowered sea levels, wiped out a huge number of genera, although marine life as a whole recovered fairly rapidly by the start of the ensuing Silurian period.

John Locke And The American Revolution - 1720 Words

John Locke: A Key to the American Revolution It is widely accepted that the American Revolution was quite different for its time. Some may argue the English revolution was similar in a sense of greatly reducing the power of monarchy, however at this time there had not been many quite like it in the sense of a revolution completely doing away with monarchy. In this revolution we saw a rising movement from the people to oppose monarchy and demand a rule by the people. In this revolution we saw average people rise to take arms against King George after being inspired by literary works of revolutionary figureheads. Most commonly in the form of pamphlets, these literary masterpieces demanded change and spurred others to become passionate revolutionaries hell-bent on liberty. Lines were drawn and this movement soon became in full swing thanks to revolutionaries such as: Samuel Adams, Thomas Paine, and Thomas Jefferson. Their literary propaganda constantly drew more supporters and sympathizers to the cause day after day. There i s one thing however all their literary works have in common. They all are inspired by the same man. A common ancestor of a sorts, almost all of their literary works are heavily influenced by a British man named John Locke who died nearly a hundred years before the revolution began! Almost all of this revolution propaganda is Lockean,and derives from his principles and beliefs. In a sense he is in turn one of the most uncredited authors of his timeShow MoreRelatedInfluence Of Enlightenment On The American Revolution898 Words   |  4 Pages The ideas of the Enlightenment influenced the American Revolution and the formation of the American Government in several different ways. The Enlightenment period initiated several new ideas about freedoms and rights. These ideas were discussed in meetings called salons in France, where they discussed new ideas. There were many influential philosophers from the enlightenment periods, Thomas Hobbes, Montesquieu, Adam Smith, Voltaire, John Locke, and Rousseau. Thomas Hobbes believed that all peopleRead MoreJohn Locke s Theory Of Government884 Words   |  4 Pages This essay will discuss and show how Thomas Jefferson’s theory of revolution follows the speculation of government from the philosopher John Locke. We’ll additionally discuss Thomas Hobbes’s theory of government. Both John Locke and Jefferson’s theories contributed to the American Revolution and to the Declaration of Independence. Thomas Jefferson’s theory of revolution found within the Declaration of Independence follows John Locke’s theory of government in multiple aspects, as well as in bothRead MoreBiography of John Locke876 Words   |  4 PagesJohn Locke was a British born philosopher, physician, and writer that played a significant role in the framework of The United States. He was born in Wrington, England on August 29th, 1632. A father, also named John, who was a country lawyer, and his mother Anges Keene, rais ed Locke. Both his parents were Puritans, which influenced his later work immensely (John Locke). Locke’s parents sent him to the famous Westminister School in London where he was led by Alexander Popham, a member of ParliamentRead MoreThe Inspiration of the Declaration of Independence1203 Words   |  5 PagesMany of us tend to wonder what was the inspiration of the Declaration of Independence? What or who influenced one of the greatest founding fathers, Thomas Jefferson, to create such an important document in our American history. To really understand what influenced Thomas Jefferson, we must understand some of the men who inspired him when creating this document. Its also important for us to understand the philosophies these men went by, and why Thomas Jefferson wanted incorporate their philosophiesRead MoreThe Enlightenment Ideas Of The American Revolution1423 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Win Soe World Studies 10 Mr. Key Nov 8. 2017 The Enlightenment’s ideas in the American Revolution People in America were mad and broke. The colonies did not like the idea of paying high taxes to the King of England. In order to show their rage and anger, they did it by not paying taxes. The King of England was frustrated by the colonist s action and send an army to the Americas to sort this problem out. However, the people of America wanted to be free from England, so with the helpRead MoreEssay On John Locke And Thomas Hobbes1076 Words   |  5 Pages John Locke and Thomas Hobbes John Locke and Thomas Hobbes, two English Enlightenment philosophers, were both very influential politically and philosophically despite having almost opposite beliefs. While each individually influenced later documents and events such as the Declaration of Independence and the American Revolution, they had an equally big impact in history. Today, everyone recognizes natural rights and the modern system of government uses social contracts every day. Thomas HobbesRead MoreClassical Liberalism: Two Treatises on Government by John Locke1152 Words   |  5 Pagesnot inherently bad. If anything, the people need someone to guide them but not have absolute rule over them. Revolutions have been based off of Enlightenment ideals because they are used to benefit the majority not the rich elite. John Locke, and his book Two Treatises on Government, impacted the Enlightenment by spreading the ideals around the world, which influenced revolutions. Locke wrote that â€Å"the state of nature has a law of nature to govern it, which obliges every one: and reason, which isRead MoreThe British Enlightenment And The American Revolution1538 Words   |  7 PagesThe American Revolution was a product of the British Enlightenment as well as both American and British history. The Enlightenment was age of innovation taking place during the 17th and 18th centuries. During this period there were great advancements in science that pushed back religious superstitions, as well as developments in economics and political thinking. (lecture) The British Enlightenment specifically had a large impact on the American Revolution with key figures such as John Locke. HisRead MoreCauses Of The American Revolution1344 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican Revolution The causes of the American Revolution go back to the beginning of salutary neglect and the French and Indian War, as well as changes in the thinking of society. The effects of these events and other factors led to pressure within the colonies, ultimately resulting in rebellion. There were five factors to the nature of the American Revolution: The Environment, The Enlightenment, Self-Government, Economic Independence and Colonial Unity. The first factor that led to the AmericanRead MoreThe Theory Of Government, Science And The Nature Of Human Beings1466 Words   |  6 PagesThomas Hobbes, Baruch Spinoza, Francis Bacon, John Locke, Jean-Jaques Rousseau and Francis Hutcheson are few of the many Enlightenment thinkers that used reason to challenge the structure of government, science and the nature of human beings. For example, Hobbes believed that man was born evil and shared in Aristotle’s belief that government was essentially the preservation of order against man’s instinct for selfishness and violence. In contrast, John Locke believed that each man was born with a ‘blank

Australia s Constitutional Democracy And The Federal System

Throughout this essay, a comparison of both Australia’s constitutional democracy and the federal republic system in the United States will take place. Australia and the United States are both a part of the federal system. Within the federal system, the national and state governments divide the power in order to govern (Parliamentary Education Office, 2016). Both Australia and the United States have two chambers, the House of Representatives and the Senate. Parliament Education office, (2016) states that there are numerous similarities between these two countries, for example, both these nations decide on the making of legal guidelines for their government. However, Australia and the United States have different forms of government and this affects how the political system is managed. Australia is a constitutional monarchy, in which the queen is the head of the state (ABC, 2004), and the United States is the federal republic where the President is the head of state (Parliamenta ry Education Office, 2016). A constitution is a formal structure for the state and specifies the power and institutions of the central government and its relationship with different levels. Additionally, it expresses the rights of citizens and creates limits on the government (Hague Harrop, 2013). In a republic government, the people and their elected representative have the power and there may be an elected or nominated president (Stevenson, 2010). A constitutional democracy and the federal republicShow MoreRelatedAustralia s Parliamentary Democracy And If It Is Effective1287 Words   |  6 PagesAustralia, a country with a population of more than 22 million has quite the complex governmental system. Australia is known as a federation, a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary democracy all in one. As a result, Australia has a queen, who resides in the United Kingdom, but is represented by a Governor-General in Australia. Following, a Prime Minister governs the country. In ad dition, there is a two-chamber Commonwealth Parliament that makes the laws. This diverse government is often referredRead MoreThe Australian Constitution1230 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"The Australian Constitution was drafted at a series of constitutional conventions held in the 1890s. It was passed by the British Parliament as part of the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900 and took effect on 1 January 1901. The Constitution is the legal framework for how Australia is governed and it can only be changed by referendum.† â€Å"A constitution is a set of rules by which a country or state is run.† Some countries have unwritten constitutions which means there is no formal constitutionRead MoreDemocracy And The Australian Political System Essay1627 Words   |  7 PagesDemocracy is produced in the Australian political system to created a fair society, however it is ironically produced by non-democratic and democratic instruments. The extent to which the Australian political system produces a democratic and fair society is dependent upon instruments such as the Constitution, Bicameral parliament, Separation of powers, Representative government, Responsible government and the ethic and values during a particular time. An instrument in the Australian political systemRead MoreAustralia And The United States1261 Words   |  6 PagesAustralia and the United States of America are two modern, democratic, English-speaking countries both initially settled by the British. Captain James Cook led a fleet of settlers and convicts into the Botany Bay in Australia in 1788. The United States declared its Independence in 1776, and fought a war with the British to obtain that independence. Australia began with a central government, then the states came about and, lastly, local governments came into being (Australia.gov.au, 2014). It wasRead MoreAustralia s Present Laws Regulating Human Rights1547 Words   |  7 PagesIn Australia, present laws regulating human rights are protected in unlike most similar liberal democracies; Australia has no Bill of Rights to protect human rights in a single document. Rather rights may be found across the Constitution, common law and legislation – Acts passed by the Commo nwealth Parliament or State or Territory Parliaments. This allows legislatures and judiciaries a complementary role in protecting rights. This is the most fluid and flexible system but the least secure in termsRead MoreThe Expectancy Indicator Of Australia1362 Words   |  6 Pagesyears old. In comparison to America’s record high of 78.8, this is a huge difference in time. I believe that the expectancy of life in Australia is longer than most other counties due to the Environment Performance Index that was discussed above. I think that there is a direct and precise correlation between a clean environment and a clean body. Overall, Australia is also less densely populated, even in the bigger cities, this reduces the spread of disease, sickness, fumes, and other environmentalRead MoreThe Proposed Law For Strip Terrorists Of Australian Citizenship Will Have Implications For The Rule Of Law1628 Words   |  7 PagesESSAY 1 – 150 words The proposed law to strip terrorists of Australian citizenship will have implications for the rule of law in Australia. To support my argument, I will define what the rule of law is in Australia, the impacts it has on Australian legislation and two factors that are tied in with the rule of law: retrospective laws and the separation of powers. In order to support my opinion of the above statement, I will use several methods of research, which will include the following sources;Read MoreThe Freedom Of Association And Its Social, Logical, Political And Cultural Contexts2437 Words   |  10 Pagesrights, it is absent from the Constitution of Australia. In the present paper, an attempt has been made, first of all to analyse the effect of consulting laws on the freedom of association in its social, logical, political and cultural contexts. As mentioned above, there is no explicit right to freedom of association that has been provided by the Constitution of Australia. However during the last decade, a view has been expressed by the High Court of Australia that the Australian Constitution containsRead MoreCapital, Size Of Population Living Within The Capital1697 Words   |  7 Pagesbiodiversity and habitats, and climate and energy. Australia scored greater than 80 in all sections except for three – fisheries, agricultu re, and climate and energy. These scores brought them down to an overall third place among all of the countries that were ranked. The low scores were due to increasing CO2 intensities, low stock in fish and high coastal shelf fishing pressure, and low pesticide regulation within the agricultural business. As a whole, Australia seems to take great pride in their naturalRead MorePluralism and Public Choice2968 Words   |  12 Pagesthat recognises and values diversity. A major proponent of Pluralist ideals as fundamental to defeating the more ignoble of human behaviour was Isaiah Berlin (1909-1997). In his last essay he wrote, â€Å"If pluralism is a valid view, and respect between systems of values which are not necessarily hostile to each other is possible, then toleration and liberal consequences follow†( Berlin 1998). As such, Pluralism in any area of human endeavour is commonly regarded as a characteristic of a free society

The Theory Of Emotional Intelligence - 869 Words

Howard Gardner is a Harvard graduate and developmental Psychologist who founded the theory of multiple intelligences. There are nine different types that allow educators to identify differing strengths and weaknesses in students. The types of intelligences include; verbal/linguistic, logical-mathematical, visual/spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, musical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalistic, and existential. Gardner has created a multiple intelligence charter school that uses these categories to better teach and shape young minds. Along with Gardner; there is another psychologist, Daniel Goleman, who expanded the theory of emotional intelligence over IQ. Emotional intelligence, differing from multiple intelligence, is the ability to recognize one s own feelings and others emotions and is just as important to success as multiple intelligence. Multiple intelligences will greatly affect one’s academic and professional success. Depending on which area one is strongest in, an ideal work environment would allow for that strength to be used. For example, if an individual were strongest in the logical-mathematical intelligence, he or she would want to work as an IT technician or a financial advisor. It s the same as if an individual had the most strength in musical intelligence, he or she would want to be a musician or conduct an orchestra. Knowing one’s multiple intelligence could be extremely beneficial to one’s academic and career success. For example, If anShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Emotional Intelligence1359 Words   |  6 Pagesway, or did they learn it along the way? Emotional Intelligence Theory attempts to answer all of these questions, and gives the rest of us a guideline on how to scale that emotional intelligence ladder. This analysis will look at the genesis of EI theory, review the applications within the school system and the workplace, and discuss how it affects to the social work practice. History Philosophers throughout the ages have hinted at emotional intelligence, but it was two American Psychologists, PeterRead MoreEmotional Intelligence And Attribution Theory2033 Words   |  9 Pagesimportance of emotional intelligence and attribution theory for a sales person in the energy industry. Moreover, it highlights evidence of improvement in both face to face interview and individual presentation. Two actions are also discussed that have the ability to enhance a career of a sales person in the energy industry. Emotional intelligence and attribution theory Emotional intelligence and the attribution theory contribute significantly to a student’s performance. In this regard, emotional intelligenceRead MoreEmotional Intelligence (EI) Theory Essay2864 Words   |  12 PagesEmotional Intelligence (EI) has been one of the popular concepts nowadays. However, the EI conceptualization varied between researchers, resulting in distinct types of EI theory proposed. These theories differ in the conceptualization of EI and its measurement instrument. The ability theory proposed by Mayer and Salovey (1997) suggests that EI consists of the ability to appraise and express, regulate and utilize emotion. It proposed four constructs that characterize all the abilities that couldRead MoreRelationship Between Emotional Intelligence And The Theory Of Attrition1355 Words   |  6 Pagesrelationship between emotional intelligence and the following outcomes in nurse and midwifery education: clinical practice performance; academic performance and student retention at the end of year one. The study population was a cohort of student nurses and midwives who applied to commence their training in September 2007. Chapter one provides a background to the research and justifies the study within a professional context. The theory of emotional intelligence and the theory of attrition are criticallyRead MoreStudies in Emotional Intelligence1467 Words   |  6 Pagesthe concept of emotional intelligence, and with that growth is a gap between what we know and what we need to know. In the article, Emotional Intelligence: Issues and Common Misunderstandings, Robert J. Emmerling and Daniel Goleman inquire as to what emotional intelligence is, how it differs from other established constructs within psychology, whether or not it can be developed, whether or not it can be a better predictor of work performance than traditional measures of intelligence, whether or notRead More Studies in Emotional Intelligence Essay1445 Words   |  6 PagesStudies in Emotional Intelligence There is a growing interest in the concept of emotional intelligence, and with that growth is a gap between what we know and what we need to know. In the article, Emotional Intelligence: Issues and Common Misunderstandings, Robert J. Emmerling and Daniel Goleman inquire as to what emotional intelligence is, how it differs from other established constructs within psychology, whether or not it can be developed, whether or not it can be a better predictor of workRead MoreEmotional Intelligence And Organizational Leadership1445 Words   |  6 PagesEmotional Intelligence and Organizational Leadership Various authors have been debating the issue of emotional intelligence and organizational leadership. However, the existing discourse on the matter has been hampered in terms of limited theoretical applications. Moreover, many analysts have failed to propose effective relationships among constructs, thus failing to offer any meaningful relationship between emotional intelligence and organizational leadership. Nevertheless, many authors offerRead MoreThe Topic Of Emotional Intelligence ( Ei )1495 Words   |  6 Pages The topic of emotional intelligence (EI) has been heavily debated for a number of years. There have been many theories and many different angles of research that psychologists have taken pertaining to EI, but none of that research has been overall conclusive in coming up with factual evidence of the true nature of EI. There have been many different criticisms concerning EI and it’s different methods of understanding. One psychologist says that, The first criti cism is hat even if EI studies tap intoRead MoreCompare And Contrast Leadership Theories1225 Words   |  5 PagesI. Introduction of theories: Emotional Intelligence, Servant Leadership, Social Identity Theory, and Trait Theory II. Leadership Theories A. Emotional Intelligence 1. Emotional intelligence defined 2. Importance and application of emotional intelligence B. Servant Leadership 1. Who are servant leaders 2. How to be a servant leader C. Social Identity Theory 1. Concept of Social Identity Theory 2. Self-perceptionsRead More Get Smart: I.Q. and Emotional Intelligence Essay1693 Words   |  7 PagesI.Q. and Emotional Intelligence Intelligence is considered to be one of the most desirable personality qualities in todays society. Expectant parents are told to read and play music to the fetus, in order to stimulate its brain. Being bright is often thought of one the keys to success in life, and highly intelligent people such as Albert Einstein are celebrated. However, despite all the tests and criteria that measure intelligence, the question still remains: what is intelligence? How can

Abortion Is Not A Black And White Issue - 1524 Words

Of all the legal, ethical, and moral issues Americans continue to either fight for or against the women’s right to have an abortion. The issues surrounding abortion is in the forefront of many political races and seem to be the issue that many Americans are passionate about. It is important to realize that abortion is not a black and white issue. Abortion is the ending of a pregnancy by removing a fetus or embryo before it can survive outside of the uterus. Once a women finds out that she is pregnant she does have a constitutional protected right to have an abortion in the early stages of pregnancy. Abortions are conducted by women from all forms of life. The typical woman who terminates her pregnancy may either be young, poor, or†¦show more content†¦People didn t scream about it in protest, and services were marketed openly. In the 18th century and until about 1880, abortions were allowed under common law and were widely practiced. Abortion was only illegal was the women experienced quickening. This simply means the point at which a women feels the fetus moving within her. The American Medical Association was founded in 1847 and had pushed for state laws to restrict abortions, and most did by 1900. The American Medical Association voiced its concern about abortion, not just because of the danger to women, but also because of the possibility of a woman overlooking the duties imposed on her by the marriage contract. The act of having an abortion had become banned and was only permissible when necessary to save a woman s life. The Comstock Law was passed by Congress in 1873. This was a federal law that had made it a crime to sell or distribute materials that could be used for contraception or abortion. Even after abortions became illegal, women continued to have them. Practitioners did their work behind closed doors or in private homes. Women often resorted to desperate and deadly measures just to have an abortion. Women had been able to get abortions by leaving the country or paying a physician in the U.S. a large fee for the procedure. While others weren t so lucky. They often sought out back-alley procedures or took matters in their own hands. The methodsShow MoreRelatedAbortion Is Not A Black And White Issue1242 Words   |  5 Pagesperson can use somebody’s body without their permission. The Catholic Church and the State of Ireland seem to be leisurely recognizing that abortion is not a black and white issue. The reasons for abortion are vast and complex, and in some cases abortion is mandatory in order to save the life of the mother. By observing abortion as if it were black and white, the State and the Church did not face the reality that the support of comprehensive reproductive healthcare is absolutely necessary. This neglectRead More Effects Of Rape On Women Essay1139 Words   |  5 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;â€Å"Paranoia concerning the protection of white women from sexual assault by black men is a legacy of American slavery that has fequently served as a focus for racist exaggerations about black men†(LaFree 312) Interracial rapes seem to cause the greatest sensation in the news, when the victim is white and the rapist is black. When a black man violates a white women, the news as well as the public becomes very angry. Why is it though that the public never hears about a white man raping a blzck woman? AccordingRead MoreAnalysis Of The Harlem Renaissance, African American Poets912 Words   |  4 Pagesuninfluential to the genre of poetry due to the difference of addressed issues. Poets of African American decent did not only address issues of the sex, but also race, colorism, and class. Though fighting for some of the same issues, black poets had issues on a different spectrum from white poets. The emergence of Womanist derived from the different attitudes and issues between black poets and their white counterparts. Colorism amongst black was mentioned commonly amongst the works of African American poetsRead MoreAbortion Essay916 Words   |  4 Pages  ¨Abortion isnt a lesser evil, it ´s a crime.Taking ones life from another, that ´s what the mafia does.It ´s a crime.It ´s an absolute evil ¨ (Pope Francis). Abortion is a serious issue in the world, pretty much what an abortion does is murder the still developing baby or fetus inside the mothers womb.I am doing this issue because everyone should have the right to live, the declaration of independence even states that all people have the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happinessRead MoreThe First Wave Of Women s Suffrage Movement1653 Words   |  7 Pagesthe latter half of the century, the second wave of feminism arose. It included the voice of African-American women because this wave occurred during the civil rights movement. Second wave feminism also included important issues such as sexual and reproductive rights, legal abortions, birth control pills, and the passing of the Equal Pay Act (1963). All feminists live to create ideologies and movements that support the equality of women, but it is clear that second wave feminists were substantiallyRead MoreBlack Women s Attitudes Towards Abortion1350 Words   |  6 PagesStati stics about black women in relation to abortion and maternal mortality have been extremely low (Lynxwiler Gay, 1997). This is due to depiction of black women’s attitudes towards abortion (Lynxwiler Gay, 1997). For many years no one knew how black women felt towards abortion because no one studied it (Lynxwiler Gay, 1997). Black women were often left out of the conversation when it came to talking about abortion and maternal mortality. 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Source 1: The Feminine Mystique by Betty Friedan In 1963, Betty Friedan’s The Feminine Mystique was published. Friedan discussed the problem that â€Å"lay buried, unspoken† in the minds of the suburban housewife, saying that they were too sociallyRead MoreThe Issue Of Pregnancy Termination1215 Words   |  5 PagesPregnancy termination is a controversial and sensitive subject that has sparked many debates in the past five decades. It is a two-sided issue between life and death of the unborn child. Planned Parenthood (2017) reports that thirty percent of women in the United States terminate a pregnancy before reaching forty-five years of age. Abortion has been legal in the United States since Roe v. Wade, a 1973 landmark decision held that the Fourteenth Amendment’s right of personal privacy covered the woman’sRead MoreBlack Lives Matter Is A Necessity Of Today s Society1220 Words   |  5 Pagesregarding social issues and equality. Strides have been made that have brought America out of the racially divided country. Today, African-Americans can be found owning business, being successful doctors, professors, and leaders of the world. However, Black Lives Matter (BLM) highlights the shadowed inequality that America is currently experiencing. Though controversial, Black Lives Matter is a necessity of today’s society because it’s encouraging, convicting, and progressive. Black Lives Matter began

GSM based automated meter reading with theft control free essay sample

This paper deals with automatic meter reading and theft control system in energy meter. Current transformer is used to measure the total power consumption for house or industrial purpose. This recorded reading is transmitted to the electricity board for every 60 days once. For transmitting the reading of energy meter GSM module is used. To avoid theft, infrared sensor is placed in the screw portion of energy meter seal. If the screw is removed from the meter a message is sent to the electricity board. The measuring of energy meter and monitoring of IR sensor is done with a PIC microcontroller. The informative system will be helpful for the electricity board to monitor the entire supply and the correct billing accordingly without any mishap. This model reduces the manual manipulation work and theft control. Key word- IR Sensor, Magnetic reed switch, PIC16F877A Microcontroller. 1. INTRODUCTION AMR (Automatic Meter Reading) is to increase the accuracy reading and theft control system for customers and government. We will write a custom essay sample on GSM based automated meter reading with theft control or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The AMR system consists of a current transformer to identify the reading, and then the calculated reading sends to the PIC microcontroller for authentication. Then the low-power GSM connected to individual energy meters to send the reading to the customer and government for 60 days once. Theft control is the major theme of my project which explains about the types of theft and how to control it with several techniques which explain in the following paragraphs. 2. EXISTING METHODS In the existing methods wireless communication system of energy meter used with Zigbee [10] [9], relay control and GPRS [8] [7]. The cryptographic method is used to secure the communication channel [6] [5]] and Zigbee for the transmission of data in a serial process [4] [3]. 3. PROPOSED METHODS In the proposed method GSM technology used to transmit the meter reading to the customer and government with the required cost. This process will happen for 60 days once transmission between customer and government. Then the energy theft controlled by IR sensor , magnetic reed switch and some other technique with high security. 4. ENERGY METER Energy meter is a device that calculates the cost of electricity consumed by a home, business, or electrically powered device. In this project our meter box made of current transformer, IR sensor and magnetic reed switch. According to the energy meter calculates the reading with the help of the current transformer [2] [1] . IR sensor and magnetic reed switch are used to detect the theft in energy meter. 5. PIC PROCESS OF THE SYSTEM The PIC is the main part of AMR and theft control. It is based on low power 16bit PIC16F877A processor. PIC consists of high performance and low cost of network technology. The memory organization of PIC consists of three memory blocks . The program memory organization consists of 13bit program count memory space. Data memory split into number of banks and it consist of GPR and SFR. The general purpose register file can be accessed in a straight line or in some way through the file select register. SFR is used in the processor and peripheral for controlling the system. 6. THEFT CONTROL SYSTEM The theft in energy meter is the major drawback in our country because of theft more than lakes of money loss per state in our country. So our project deals about the theft control in energy meter by using embedded systems. To control the theft we use two types of theft controlling process namely tapering of seal in energy meter, underground power theft control . The first process of theft control by using IR (infrared) sensor. IR sensor is fixed in the energy meter screw with 12v rechargeable battery for identifying the tapering of seal. After ISSN : 0975-4024 Vol 5 No 2 Apr-May 2013 806 P. Rakesh Malhotra et al. / International Journal of Engineering and Technology (IJET) identifying the theft IR sensor send the data to the PIC micro controller and then message send to the government office by using GSM. The second process of theft control by using the step down circuit fixed between 50 meter gap to analyze the underground theft. If the intruder cuts the underground cable at the time of a power cut the connection of sensors also disconnected. Then the data transfer also disconnected between the circuit and send the information about the disconnection between the circuit to the PIC micro controller and then message send to the higher officer of the EB (electricity board). BLOCK DIAGRAM Figure 1: Design of AMR and theft control by using GSM Figure 2:Design of the control station in AMR and theft control by using GSM 7. HARDWARE DESIGN The hardware of the AMR and theft control systems by using GSM consist of the PCB PIC board design. In this project we use our own creation of energy meter with current transformer to calculate the reading. According to energy meter we are fixing the IR sensor in the screw portion of energy meter and then the IR sensor sense the theft in energy meter. After sensing the theft message send to the controller and government electricity board by help of GSM. The digital energy connected to the controller and GSM for transmitting the energy meter reading to the government electricity board. Whenever there is a power cut the 12V rechargeable battery give power to the IR sensor automatically. So during power or power cut the theft circuit is helpful to detect the theft in power supply. Then the message is sent to the higher authority of government electricity board for further action to detect the theft in underground cable connection of power. ISSN : 0975-4024 Vol 5 No 2 Apr-May 2013 807 P. Rakesh Malhotra et al. / International Journal of Engineering and Technology (IJET) Figure 3:Hardware model of automatic meter reading and theft control system by using GSM Figure 4: Bill payment reminder in mobile with consumer number ISSN : 0975-4024 Vol 5 No 2 Apr-May 2013 808 P. Rakesh Malhotra et al. / International Journal of Engineering and Technology (IJET) Figure 5: Detected energy meter theft send’s to government with a specific consumer number Figure 6: Detected underground theft send’s to government with a specific consumer number 8. CONCLUSION The project model reduces the manual manipulation work and theft . Use of GSM in our system provides the numerous advantages of wireless network systems. The government saves money by the control of theft in energy meter and also more beneficial for customer side and the government side. The metering IC ensure the accurate and reliable measurement of power consumed. Cost wise low when compared to other energy meter without automatic meter reading and theft control. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Author wish to acknowledge Dr. P. Swaminathan, Dean, School of computing, SASTRA University for his best suggestion and support. ISSN : 0975-4024 Vol 5 No 2 Apr-May 2013 809 P. Rakesh Malhotra et al. / International Journal of Engineering and Technology (IJET)

Risk Managment full assingmetn free essay sample

Executing a Risk Management Plan is a challenging task for the management of organizations all over the world. This is happening because of globalization, delimitation of economic boundaries and the malpractices of governance gaining prominence in the administration of public as well as private sectors. Organizations all over the world are facing risks concerning political uncertainty, scarcity of finance and wider diversification of markets. This is because the organizations need to expand and diversify in order to achieve high growth rate. The objective of this paper is to looks into the risk factors that these factors pose for Travco Travel Company (TTC), a private sector, closely held company with aspirations and potential to sustain growth. TTC is a professionally managed company and its growth has been exponential. The company is part of a 33 year old multinational group, The Travco Group, headquartered in Egypt . The group offers travel services and has allied business ventures, such as Cruise Liners, Luxury Coaches, Resorts and Luxury Hotels, spread across the Middle East and China. We will write a custom essay sample on Risk Managment full assingmetn or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page TTC, having reached the zenith of success in the Middle East is now embarking on a journey of economic cohesion and management integration in the international field for expanding its integrated commercial activities . This report has, after considerable deliberation, focused on three core areas of risk which can be cause of potential economic threat for TTC and The Travco Group, its parent group organization and these are – Financial, Marketing and Political. The strategic threat scope has been analyzed as per the guidelines set out in Risk Management-Principles and Guidelines of AS/ANZ ISO 31000:2009 and as defined in The Risk Assessment Technique Standard of IEC/ISO 31010. The strategic threat to Finance has been chosen because the company, which was established in the year 1979, has still to consolidate its financial roots for embarking on an international expansion spree. The indicates that the company is proposing to expand into totally alienated regions, where it is yet to establish itself as a cohesive, integrated and well-knit entity. The Political factor is based on the fact that its base country, Egypt, is constantly witnessing political uncertainty and is believed to be getting into unstable economic conditions because of this political apathy, disorientation and administrative vacuum. The author of this report has progressively discussed the organizational needs of TTC for risk management, progressing towards the need to propose a secured, rational process for formulating a risk management plan. The aim is to finally conjure a program that the company can manage to have an effective control over its expansion plans while minimizing risk potentials across all its business streams. The conclusions arrived at through this report are neither exhaustive nor are meant to provide any guidelines for TTC or for that matter any other company. The views expressed are the conclusive views of the author, who is of the opinion such conclusions, can be effectively used by companies as means of averting risk threats in their commercial ventures 2. Introduction Company Background Travco Travel Company of Egypt, this is how the founder Mr. Hamed El Chiaty christened his first venture when he entered into the travel service business in 1979. The company slowly but steadily consolidated its position in Egypt and with associates spread across whole of Middle East, soon became the top company in its field. It became a wholly owned subsidiary of The Travco Group and was renamed as Travco Travel. Its business interests are spread across Travel Services; Management of Luxury Hotels and Resorts; Cruise Liners; Luxury Coaches; Conducting Corporate Tours throughout the Middle East, Japan and Mainland China . The company now proposes to expand extensively in Asia and for that it is in the process of formulating a strategy to control the risk factors which its expansion may have to face in the future. The aim of this report is to suggest the company a Risk Management Plan which it can adopt across all sections of its functioning parameters. Business Objectives An expanding organization, such as Travco the need is to focus on financial, administrative and marketing policy matters. For such a dynamic organization, the task of choosing a well-defined risk management plan is a serious issue. The potential of the risks it may have to face while on the expansion spree can be internal as well as external. It is very difficult for the management to make an assessment of the perils of the expansion and to evaluate them before it begins the formality of another expansion is altogether a task which needs to be looked into deeply and carefully. Although the management can make efforts to understand internal, device ways to regulate and control them by formulating rules, regulations and policies, the external risk factors cannot be assessed as they are out of the company’s regulations and policies. Although, across all sections of business there are laws, standards and regulations which are imposed by regulating authorities and associations, even then situations do arise which are difficult to premeditate. Hence every management team has to learn from its own experience. Every organization has to experiment with its resources and produce best results within its own policy framework. TTC Group has experience, resources and its founder Mr. Hamed El Chiaty has gone through many ups and downs in these 33 years since he formed his first company in Egypt . There are many areas in the day to day operations of a company where risks are faced by the management. Such risk factors may be of minimum intensity or may attain dangerous proportions in due course of time. It is not always possible for the management to foresee these situations, but if the management has a good, working risk management plan in place and it enforces strict rules, it is possible for the management to keep the scale of the risk at a minimum level. In our opinion that a well thought Risk Management Plan of a company with progressive thinking shall control ‘uncertainty’ and manage ‘opportunity’ more effectively. After carrying out extensive research, the author has inferred that if the resources of a company, such as Travco travel are managed effectively than an integrated implementation of its risk management plan can create far reaching, positive and long lasting results for its financial, human and social growth. Having an understanding of the business it is in is essential for the management and equally important is to understand its adversities, competition in the trade. It is essentially important that the management formulates a risk management plan after taking into account the environmental and social pattern of the country where it intends to expand its operations. Research on Travco Group has shown that the vision of its founder to search newer opportunities for expansion and diversification across Middle East and now in Asia has been acute, accurate and well calculated . Business Strategy The company has formulated a well-researched business strategy for its diversification, expansion and future growth. Under the guidance of its able, experienced and dynamic chairman, Mr. Hamed,El Chety the group has drawn plans to adopt the culture of ‘Corporate Governance’ for its present and future projects. This will make the group aware and responsible to its internal as well as external stakeholders. The group has acquired a broad and exhaustive policy of risk management plan for all its group companies, whether presently under its fold, whether required to be acquired, merged or floated as new ventures, with or without the participation of its other associates, provided these prove to be gainful for its stakeholders in the future. The group has established a strong base of cultural roots and is committed to its stakeholders with a deep sense of corporate responsibility and a commitment towards better customer relations. The group management has a progressive outlook and is always on the lookout for newer avenues of vertical growth, both inside and outside the group’s organizational framework. The management is firmly of the belief that investing in human power is equally important as investing in equipment for a sustained all round growth of the group companies . Business Mission Multi-dimensional growth, multi-service diversity and multi-cultural outlook are the factors which the management of the Travco Group are determined to pursue for all its group companies. The management has envisaged a vision for growth and is being governed by a risk management policy which is growth-oriented and makes the group dedicated towards a secure future. The Group and its associate entities, whether associated directly or indirectly with the group, have a clear mission to rise above their competitors; to take calculative financial risk and to remain prepared for all eventualities. 3. Risk management glossary and terms Risk Risk is defined as the chance of something happening which can have negative or positive impact on the organization. (Risk Management Dictionary, 2010) Risk Assessment The identification, evaluation, and estimation of the level of risk and hazards or their up- gradation through a systematic and practical approach. (Risk Management Dictionary, 2010) Risk Management The identification, analysis, assessment, manage, and avoidance, minimization the chance of negative events or maximized the chance of positive events. (Risk Management Dictionary, 2010) Risk Management Framework A set of components that assist and continue RM through an organization. There are two types of components Foundation includes your RM objectives, policy, mandate, and loyalty. Organizational arrangements include relationships, plans, resources, accountability, activities and processes you used to manage your organizational risk. (Risk Management Dictionary, 2010) Risk Management Policy A policy statement defines a general commitment and overall intentions and direction of the organization related to its risk management. (Risk Management Dictionary, 2010) Risk Management Plan An organization’s RMP on how it intends to manage risk. (Risk Management Dictionary, 2010) Risk Management Process A RM process is a systematic application of management policies, procedures and practices including activities of communicating, consulting, establishing the context, and identifying, analyzing, evaluating, treating, monitoring and reviewing risk. (Risk Management Dictionary, 2010) Risk Criteria Term of reference which signifies the risk to be evaluated, these are used to determine whether a specified level of risk is acceptable or tolerable. (Risk Management Dictionary, 2010) Risk Identification Process of finding, recognizing and describing the risk that could be affects the achievement of an organization’s objectives. (Risk Management Dictionary, 2010) Hazard What ever source which could be of potential impairment Risk Owner- Entitiy or person who would taking accountability and authority to manage the risk. Risk Analysis Process that is used to be aware of the nature, source and causes of the risk that you have identified and to estimation the level of risk. (Risk Management Dictionary, 2010) Consequences Outcome of an event affecting objectives. (2009, risk management dictionary 2010) Likelihood Chance is that something might happening. (2009, risk management dictionary 2010) Probability- Chance of occurrence expresed as the a number between 0 and 1 where 0 is impossibility and 1 is absolute certainty. (business dictionary. com n. d. ) Risk matrix Table used in risk analysis in which row shows the risk and colums show their chance occureance and their impact. (business dictionary n. d. ) Level of risk magnitude of a risk, expressed in terms of the combination of consequence. ( 2009, risk management dictionary 2010) Risk Evaluation Process of compaaring the results of risk analysis with risk criteria to determine whether the risk or its mangnitude is acceptable or tolerable. ( 2009, risk management dictionary 2010) Risk Profile Written descrption of any set os risks. .( 2009, risk management dictionary 2010) Risk Attitude General organizational approch to assess and eventually pursue, retain, take or turn away from risk. Risk Aversion Investor attitude to turn away from risk. (Business Dictionary, n. d. ) Control is any measure or action that is modifying risk. Risk Avoidance- It’s techniques of RM to take steps to remove hazards and engage in alternative activity. (business dictionary n. d. ) Risk Sharing- RM is method in which the cost of consquences of a risk is syndication between several participant in an organization. (business dictionary n. d. ) Residual Risk- It’s the risk remaining after treatment, removed the souce of the hazard, transform the concequences, changed the probabilities, transferred the risk or maintain the risk. (2009, risk manageent dictionary 2010) Monitoring- Supervising Frequent checking, critically observing or determining the status in order to identify change from the performance level required or predictable. (2009, risk manageent dictionary 2010) Review- Activity undertaken to determine the adequacy, suitability and effectiveness of the subject matter to achieve established objectives. (2009, risk manageent dictionary 2010) Risk Reporting- Communication metohd to inform about the current state of risk and its management to internal and external stakholders. Risk Appetite- it’s the quantity to which the organization is ready to take the risk to achieve its business objectives. It is often said that more risk more gains. But the risk receiving of every organization differ depending upon its financial backup. Risk Tolerance- Organization’s or stakeholder’s readiness to bear the risk after risk treatment in order to achieve its objectives. Risk Treatment- The processes used by the organization to identify and treat the risks to bring the non-desired outcomes to the minimum in the chance of their occurring. This is basically done by following principal called ACAT (Avoid, Control, Accept, and Transfer) of the risks. (Business Dictionary, n. d. ) Risk Transfer- It’s defined as transferring a risk of negative impact to another organization that is willing to take on this risk with common understanding. (Business Dictionary, n. d. ) Stakeholders- A person or an organization that can affect or be affected by a decision or an action of the organization. AS/ANZ ISO 31000:2009 distinguishes between internal and external stakeholders. (Business Dictionary, n. d. ) 4. Objective of risk management Plan The group has a clear vision for its objectives and after having an established business network with a diversified outlook towards its policies, it has successfully accelerated its growth. This now naturally prompts the management to look at the next logical step of preserving all these aspects with a fully integrated risk management plan. Here, it is required from the management to initiate steps to control the inherent risks and it is advisable for the management that it follows the guidelines proposed in AS/ANZ ISO 31000:2009 (Risk Management-Principles and Guidelines) which should be implemented along with the strategic guidelines proposed in IEC/ISO 31010 (Risk Management-Risk Assessment Technique Standard) to identify such inherent risks. The Travco Group, having now attained a global exposure to business practices should now look into the methods of defining its objectives for a risk management plan on a global level. The main objective of plan is to identify mechanism of RMP, which will be implemented to manage and control the possible threat that may have negative effect on any of the business areas, increase the organizational performance, having strong presence in the market, strong relationship with partners, strong comparison team, timely feedback, observing competitors, having, quick decision making and positive action . These plan objectives are, identification, assessment, mitigation, contingency Planning, treatment and monitor and review Further risk which could be faced due to globalization of business nature it has made the group to face international competition and this exposes the group companies to threats and risks at a global level . In AS/ANZ ISO 31000:2009 (Risk Management-Principles and Guidelines), it can be perceived that the following are the areas of concern for the company which is now trying to establish itself on a broader platform and therefore must have clear objectives for its Pre- and Post-expansion plans. Risk Management Objectives to be observed by a Company Pre-Operative ObjectivesPost-Operative Objectives Economic FactorsOperational Continuity Social FactorsMaintaining Growth External ObligationsCustomer Responsibility Internal Conflicts of ViewsMarket Survival Tactics The risk threats for the Travco Group into three important areas which can be the cause of concern for it – (a) Financial Forces; (b) Political Forces; and (c) Market Forces and the purpose of this report is to highlight and discuss them on this platform . Risk Management Objectives to be observed by Travco Financial ForcesPolitical ForcesMarket Forces Economic FactorsSocial FactorsOperational Continuity Maintaining GrowthExternal ObligationsCustomer Responsibility Internal Conflicts of ViewsMarket Survival Tactics 4. 1Financial Forces Financial forces that are external in nature, always pose threats at the least expected time. The central control station of the Travco Group is located in Egypt and as it opens up new business locations which are far and further from its central control station, the chances of the company becoming target of external risks, because of circumstances beyond its control, becomes greater. Hence the management has to be extra cautious in financial matters and should exercise the option of more control through a robust Internal Audit Systems. It is advisable that the management adopts the policy of greater management and reporting transparency at all levels. It has been observed in financial matters and explained in the Risk Management-Risk Assessment Technique Standard of IEC/ISO 31010 that any change in policy or functional strategy can prove to be futile for the group. Hence the management has to take care that it makes its moves regarding financial, manpower and equipment after due diligence. A focused risk management plan is required at this stage which makes the optimal use of the company’s available resources and propagates further its social responsibility and corporate governance . 4. 2Political Forces It has been observed all over the world that a political change in government often leads to changes in the policies of the government. When a company, such as Travco is expanding into foreign lands its management should take extra care in dealing with the changes as the new policies are often pro-domestic and anti-foreign investment. The management of the Travco Group should keep in mind that recently even Egypt has undergone turmoil in its political circles and the Asian countries are prone to be affected by such changes. The management has also to keep a watch on the external affairs policies of the present government in its home country, as these would determine the future outcome of the group’s overseas ventures . 4. 3Market Forces It is evident that the Travco Group will have to face intense competition from the domestic sector of the country where it diversifies its business activities. This will be faced by the group even inside Egypt, where it is expanding its operations and adding new markets to its expanding. The group has to deal with such situations with utmost care and should endeavor to maintain flexible relations with its clients and associates at all levels 5. Creation of risk management Policy It is important that Travco Travel, its other associates and its parent group pursue policies according to the guidelines of AS/ANZ 31000:2009 for a competitive risk management plan, which it can make applicable to all its units across all sectors, whether domestic or foreign. This should be done by the management with a view to maintain linear growth of the group and to ensure that regulations are followed and group policies are not affected. 5. 1Role of the Board The Board of Directors of all companies of the group must take directions from the central governing body of the group, which functions under the guidance of Mr. Hamed el chiaty its founder and Chairman of Board. The central board should give out clear and bold decisions concerning financial control, marketing strategies and employee empowerment. 5. 2Role of the Risk Management Office As the Travco Group has started expanding its operations on international levels, it is very essential for it to set up a separate risk management and control office which should monitor, regulate and implement the group’s risk management plans across all the segments of the group. Such an office should have full backing of the central board of the group. It is advisable and also recommended by the Risk Management-Risk Assessment Techniques Standard policy of IEC/ISO 31010 that all the individual board members, who are fully conversant with their company’s internal and external risk threats and who have been designated with powers to control, are involved at the central board level in maintaining and correlating the various measures needed to ward-off internal and external risks. 5. 3Role of Internal Auditors This is a very essential and is a mandatory requirement as per the guidelines of the Risk Management-Principles and Guidelines of AS/ANZ ISO 31000:2009. The risk committee will on below. 5. 4Risk Committee CEO and Senior management In case where the risk leave is extreme, risk mitigation plan is required, risk is unacceptable, detailed research and management planning required at senior levels 5. 5Senior Management In case where the risk is high mitigation plan required, senior management attention needed, decision on acceptance of risk to be made by Process Owner and Process Manager 5.6 Middle line manager (supervisors) Management responsibility must be specified, decision on acceptance of risk to be made by Process Manager 5. 7Staff and Contractors Where the risk is low and acceptable which is monitored and managed by routine process 5. 8Policy Requirements How the policy is overviewed on quarterly basis if it needs to be changed, add new addendum to make sure it’s will upda ted with market place. Further how the policy is circulated with all staff within the organization 5. 9Review and approval Policy has to be approved by the risk committee 6. Interdependency of risk management with strategic planning Once the objectives have been set and policies have been formulated, the company should then concentrate on a ‘Strategic Plan’ so that the objectives and policies can be implemented effectively. At this stage, when it is in an expansion mode, it is essential and imperative for the group management to finalize its strategic plan so that it can consolidate its current resources and focus on future risk management. Under these circumstances, the decision making process of the group should have an inbuilt strong work culture which should form an integral part of the central management team. It has been observed that during such expansion phases, the management of individual companies has to take extra precaution, as far as the issues of internal and external risk threats are concerned. The Travco Group is a service oriented group and the management has to be alert about the ever changing trends in customer’s demands . Travco has to maintain a steady clientage, a loyal workforce and a trustworthy group of associates for future growth. Risk management is about – ? Maintaining Financial Strength; ?Maintaining Loyal Workforce; ?Maintaining Steady Clientage; ?Maintaining Supportive Associates. Strategic planning is also about the above mentioned factors and the Travco Group has to focus on the satisfaction of its clients by maintaining competitive prices and provide quality service. Easy communication facilities across the internet combined with new technologies not only benefits the Travco Group but also exposes it to the global competitors. Therefore it is essential that Financial gains, market control and risk management plans are controlled simultaneously for a sustained growth †¢Increase the number of clients from all the incoming outgoing sectors †¢Try to retain all upcoming markets share from new emerging markets †¢To maintain satisfaction and reliability image with partners and shareholders †¢To preserve the safety and security of gust assets and employees. †¢To expand the TUI / Travco group around the globe. 7. Relationship with Corporate Governance The management structure of the group has been built with a view to provide compliance with the Risk Aversion Policies of the group. The aim of such a governance structure is to control implementation of rules, effective implementation of the management’s decisions and to have quick and appropriate actions which ensure that the group progresses, attains its targets to fulfill the aspirations of stakeholders, employees and customers. The group should adopt such measures on a daily basis and managers at all levels should be involved to identify risk areas, establish management control procedures and implement the risk management plan. As shown below, accountability, authority, responsibility and skill management values should be maintained in the company hierarchy Responsibility The organization has to take full responsibility in case any of its employee’s action and stand by them. Ethical work atmosphere- lt should develop policies to differentiate all illegal and immoral practices within and outside the organization which comes under its scope of works.