GSM based automated meter reading with theft control free essay sample

This paper deals with automatic meter reading and theft control system in energy meter. Current transformer is used to measure the total power consumption for house or industrial purpose. This recorded reading is transmitted to the electricity board for every 60 days once. For transmitting the reading of energy meter GSM module is used. To avoid theft, infrared sensor is placed in the screw portion of energy meter seal. If the screw is removed from the meter a message is sent to the electricity board. The measuring of energy meter and monitoring of IR sensor is done with a PIC microcontroller. The informative system will be helpful for the electricity board to monitor the entire supply and the correct billing accordingly without any mishap. This model reduces the manual manipulation work and theft control. Key word- IR Sensor, Magnetic reed switch, PIC16F877A Microcontroller. 1. INTRODUCTION AMR (Automatic Meter Reading) is to increase the accuracy reading and theft control system for customers and government. We will write a custom essay sample on GSM based automated meter reading with theft control or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The AMR system consists of a current transformer to identify the reading, and then the calculated reading sends to the PIC microcontroller for authentication. Then the low-power GSM connected to individual energy meters to send the reading to the customer and government for 60 days once. Theft control is the major theme of my project which explains about the types of theft and how to control it with several techniques which explain in the following paragraphs. 2. EXISTING METHODS In the existing methods wireless communication system of energy meter used with Zigbee [10] [9], relay control and GPRS [8] [7]. The cryptographic method is used to secure the communication channel [6] [5]] and Zigbee for the transmission of data in a serial process [4] [3]. 3. PROPOSED METHODS In the proposed method GSM technology used to transmit the meter reading to the customer and government with the required cost. This process will happen for 60 days once transmission between customer and government. Then the energy theft controlled by IR sensor , magnetic reed switch and some other technique with high security. 4. ENERGY METER Energy meter is a device that calculates the cost of electricity consumed by a home, business, or electrically powered device. In this project our meter box made of current transformer, IR sensor and magnetic reed switch. According to the energy meter calculates the reading with the help of the current transformer [2] [1] . IR sensor and magnetic reed switch are used to detect the theft in energy meter. 5. PIC PROCESS OF THE SYSTEM The PIC is the main part of AMR and theft control. It is based on low power 16bit PIC16F877A processor. PIC consists of high performance and low cost of network technology. The memory organization of PIC consists of three memory blocks . The program memory organization consists of 13bit program count memory space. Data memory split into number of banks and it consist of GPR and SFR. The general purpose register file can be accessed in a straight line or in some way through the file select register. SFR is used in the processor and peripheral for controlling the system. 6. THEFT CONTROL SYSTEM The theft in energy meter is the major drawback in our country because of theft more than lakes of money loss per state in our country. So our project deals about the theft control in energy meter by using embedded systems. To control the theft we use two types of theft controlling process namely tapering of seal in energy meter, underground power theft control . The first process of theft control by using IR (infrared) sensor. IR sensor is fixed in the energy meter screw with 12v rechargeable battery for identifying the tapering of seal. After ISSN : 0975-4024 Vol 5 No 2 Apr-May 2013 806 P. Rakesh Malhotra et al. / International Journal of Engineering and Technology (IJET) identifying the theft IR sensor send the data to the PIC micro controller and then message send to the government office by using GSM. The second process of theft control by using the step down circuit fixed between 50 meter gap to analyze the underground theft. If the intruder cuts the underground cable at the time of a power cut the connection of sensors also disconnected. Then the data transfer also disconnected between the circuit and send the information about the disconnection between the circuit to the PIC micro controller and then message send to the higher officer of the EB (electricity board). BLOCK DIAGRAM Figure 1: Design of AMR and theft control by using GSM Figure 2:Design of the control station in AMR and theft control by using GSM 7. HARDWARE DESIGN The hardware of the AMR and theft control systems by using GSM consist of the PCB PIC board design. In this project we use our own creation of energy meter with current transformer to calculate the reading. According to energy meter we are fixing the IR sensor in the screw portion of energy meter and then the IR sensor sense the theft in energy meter. After sensing the theft message send to the controller and government electricity board by help of GSM. The digital energy connected to the controller and GSM for transmitting the energy meter reading to the government electricity board. Whenever there is a power cut the 12V rechargeable battery give power to the IR sensor automatically. So during power or power cut the theft circuit is helpful to detect the theft in power supply. Then the message is sent to the higher authority of government electricity board for further action to detect the theft in underground cable connection of power. ISSN : 0975-4024 Vol 5 No 2 Apr-May 2013 807 P. Rakesh Malhotra et al. / International Journal of Engineering and Technology (IJET) Figure 3:Hardware model of automatic meter reading and theft control system by using GSM Figure 4: Bill payment reminder in mobile with consumer number ISSN : 0975-4024 Vol 5 No 2 Apr-May 2013 808 P. Rakesh Malhotra et al. / International Journal of Engineering and Technology (IJET) Figure 5: Detected energy meter theft send’s to government with a specific consumer number Figure 6: Detected underground theft send’s to government with a specific consumer number 8. CONCLUSION The project model reduces the manual manipulation work and theft . Use of GSM in our system provides the numerous advantages of wireless network systems. The government saves money by the control of theft in energy meter and also more beneficial for customer side and the government side. The metering IC ensure the accurate and reliable measurement of power consumed. Cost wise low when compared to other energy meter without automatic meter reading and theft control. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Author wish to acknowledge Dr. P. Swaminathan, Dean, School of computing, SASTRA University for his best suggestion and support. ISSN : 0975-4024 Vol 5 No 2 Apr-May 2013 809 P. Rakesh Malhotra et al. / International Journal of Engineering and Technology (IJET)

Risk Managment full assingmetn free essay sample

Executing a Risk Management Plan is a challenging task for the management of organizations all over the world. This is happening because of globalization, delimitation of economic boundaries and the malpractices of governance gaining prominence in the administration of public as well as private sectors. Organizations all over the world are facing risks concerning political uncertainty, scarcity of finance and wider diversification of markets. This is because the organizations need to expand and diversify in order to achieve high growth rate. The objective of this paper is to looks into the risk factors that these factors pose for Travco Travel Company (TTC), a private sector, closely held company with aspirations and potential to sustain growth. TTC is a professionally managed company and its growth has been exponential. The company is part of a 33 year old multinational group, The Travco Group, headquartered in Egypt . The group offers travel services and has allied business ventures, such as Cruise Liners, Luxury Coaches, Resorts and Luxury Hotels, spread across the Middle East and China. We will write a custom essay sample on Risk Managment full assingmetn or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page TTC, having reached the zenith of success in the Middle East is now embarking on a journey of economic cohesion and management integration in the international field for expanding its integrated commercial activities . This report has, after considerable deliberation, focused on three core areas of risk which can be cause of potential economic threat for TTC and The Travco Group, its parent group organization and these are – Financial, Marketing and Political. The strategic threat scope has been analyzed as per the guidelines set out in Risk Management-Principles and Guidelines of AS/ANZ ISO 31000:2009 and as defined in The Risk Assessment Technique Standard of IEC/ISO 31010. The strategic threat to Finance has been chosen because the company, which was established in the year 1979, has still to consolidate its financial roots for embarking on an international expansion spree. The indicates that the company is proposing to expand into totally alienated regions, where it is yet to establish itself as a cohesive, integrated and well-knit entity. The Political factor is based on the fact that its base country, Egypt, is constantly witnessing political uncertainty and is believed to be getting into unstable economic conditions because of this political apathy, disorientation and administrative vacuum. The author of this report has progressively discussed the organizational needs of TTC for risk management, progressing towards the need to propose a secured, rational process for formulating a risk management plan. The aim is to finally conjure a program that the company can manage to have an effective control over its expansion plans while minimizing risk potentials across all its business streams. The conclusions arrived at through this report are neither exhaustive nor are meant to provide any guidelines for TTC or for that matter any other company. The views expressed are the conclusive views of the author, who is of the opinion such conclusions, can be effectively used by companies as means of averting risk threats in their commercial ventures 2. Introduction Company Background Travco Travel Company of Egypt, this is how the founder Mr. Hamed El Chiaty christened his first venture when he entered into the travel service business in 1979. The company slowly but steadily consolidated its position in Egypt and with associates spread across whole of Middle East, soon became the top company in its field. It became a wholly owned subsidiary of The Travco Group and was renamed as Travco Travel. Its business interests are spread across Travel Services; Management of Luxury Hotels and Resorts; Cruise Liners; Luxury Coaches; Conducting Corporate Tours throughout the Middle East, Japan and Mainland China . The company now proposes to expand extensively in Asia and for that it is in the process of formulating a strategy to control the risk factors which its expansion may have to face in the future. The aim of this report is to suggest the company a Risk Management Plan which it can adopt across all sections of its functioning parameters. Business Objectives An expanding organization, such as Travco the need is to focus on financial, administrative and marketing policy matters. For such a dynamic organization, the task of choosing a well-defined risk management plan is a serious issue. The potential of the risks it may have to face while on the expansion spree can be internal as well as external. It is very difficult for the management to make an assessment of the perils of the expansion and to evaluate them before it begins the formality of another expansion is altogether a task which needs to be looked into deeply and carefully. Although the management can make efforts to understand internal, device ways to regulate and control them by formulating rules, regulations and policies, the external risk factors cannot be assessed as they are out of the company’s regulations and policies. Although, across all sections of business there are laws, standards and regulations which are imposed by regulating authorities and associations, even then situations do arise which are difficult to premeditate. Hence every management team has to learn from its own experience. Every organization has to experiment with its resources and produce best results within its own policy framework. TTC Group has experience, resources and its founder Mr. Hamed El Chiaty has gone through many ups and downs in these 33 years since he formed his first company in Egypt . There are many areas in the day to day operations of a company where risks are faced by the management. Such risk factors may be of minimum intensity or may attain dangerous proportions in due course of time. It is not always possible for the management to foresee these situations, but if the management has a good, working risk management plan in place and it enforces strict rules, it is possible for the management to keep the scale of the risk at a minimum level. In our opinion that a well thought Risk Management Plan of a company with progressive thinking shall control ‘uncertainty’ and manage ‘opportunity’ more effectively. After carrying out extensive research, the author has inferred that if the resources of a company, such as Travco travel are managed effectively than an integrated implementation of its risk management plan can create far reaching, positive and long lasting results for its financial, human and social growth. Having an understanding of the business it is in is essential for the management and equally important is to understand its adversities, competition in the trade. It is essentially important that the management formulates a risk management plan after taking into account the environmental and social pattern of the country where it intends to expand its operations. Research on Travco Group has shown that the vision of its founder to search newer opportunities for expansion and diversification across Middle East and now in Asia has been acute, accurate and well calculated . Business Strategy The company has formulated a well-researched business strategy for its diversification, expansion and future growth. Under the guidance of its able, experienced and dynamic chairman, Mr. Hamed,El Chety the group has drawn plans to adopt the culture of ‘Corporate Governance’ for its present and future projects. This will make the group aware and responsible to its internal as well as external stakeholders. The group has acquired a broad and exhaustive policy of risk management plan for all its group companies, whether presently under its fold, whether required to be acquired, merged or floated as new ventures, with or without the participation of its other associates, provided these prove to be gainful for its stakeholders in the future. The group has established a strong base of cultural roots and is committed to its stakeholders with a deep sense of corporate responsibility and a commitment towards better customer relations. The group management has a progressive outlook and is always on the lookout for newer avenues of vertical growth, both inside and outside the group’s organizational framework. The management is firmly of the belief that investing in human power is equally important as investing in equipment for a sustained all round growth of the group companies . Business Mission Multi-dimensional growth, multi-service diversity and multi-cultural outlook are the factors which the management of the Travco Group are determined to pursue for all its group companies. The management has envisaged a vision for growth and is being governed by a risk management policy which is growth-oriented and makes the group dedicated towards a secure future. The Group and its associate entities, whether associated directly or indirectly with the group, have a clear mission to rise above their competitors; to take calculative financial risk and to remain prepared for all eventualities. 3. Risk management glossary and terms Risk Risk is defined as the chance of something happening which can have negative or positive impact on the organization. (Risk Management Dictionary, 2010) Risk Assessment The identification, evaluation, and estimation of the level of risk and hazards or their up- gradation through a systematic and practical approach. (Risk Management Dictionary, 2010) Risk Management The identification, analysis, assessment, manage, and avoidance, minimization the chance of negative events or maximized the chance of positive events. (Risk Management Dictionary, 2010) Risk Management Framework A set of components that assist and continue RM through an organization. There are two types of components Foundation includes your RM objectives, policy, mandate, and loyalty. Organizational arrangements include relationships, plans, resources, accountability, activities and processes you used to manage your organizational risk. (Risk Management Dictionary, 2010) Risk Management Policy A policy statement defines a general commitment and overall intentions and direction of the organization related to its risk management. (Risk Management Dictionary, 2010) Risk Management Plan An organization’s RMP on how it intends to manage risk. (Risk Management Dictionary, 2010) Risk Management Process A RM process is a systematic application of management policies, procedures and practices including activities of communicating, consulting, establishing the context, and identifying, analyzing, evaluating, treating, monitoring and reviewing risk. (Risk Management Dictionary, 2010) Risk Criteria Term of reference which signifies the risk to be evaluated, these are used to determine whether a specified level of risk is acceptable or tolerable. (Risk Management Dictionary, 2010) Risk Identification Process of finding, recognizing and describing the risk that could be affects the achievement of an organization’s objectives. (Risk Management Dictionary, 2010) Hazard What ever source which could be of potential impairment Risk Owner- Entitiy or person who would taking accountability and authority to manage the risk. Risk Analysis Process that is used to be aware of the nature, source and causes of the risk that you have identified and to estimation the level of risk. (Risk Management Dictionary, 2010) Consequences Outcome of an event affecting objectives. (2009, risk management dictionary 2010) Likelihood Chance is that something might happening. (2009, risk management dictionary 2010) Probability- Chance of occurrence expresed as the a number between 0 and 1 where 0 is impossibility and 1 is absolute certainty. (business dictionary. com n. d. ) Risk matrix Table used in risk analysis in which row shows the risk and colums show their chance occureance and their impact. (business dictionary n. d. ) Level of risk magnitude of a risk, expressed in terms of the combination of consequence. ( 2009, risk management dictionary 2010) Risk Evaluation Process of compaaring the results of risk analysis with risk criteria to determine whether the risk or its mangnitude is acceptable or tolerable. ( 2009, risk management dictionary 2010) Risk Profile Written descrption of any set os risks. .( 2009, risk management dictionary 2010) Risk Attitude General organizational approch to assess and eventually pursue, retain, take or turn away from risk. Risk Aversion Investor attitude to turn away from risk. (Business Dictionary, n. d. ) Control is any measure or action that is modifying risk. Risk Avoidance- It’s techniques of RM to take steps to remove hazards and engage in alternative activity. (business dictionary n. d. ) Risk Sharing- RM is method in which the cost of consquences of a risk is syndication between several participant in an organization. (business dictionary n. d. ) Residual Risk- It’s the risk remaining after treatment, removed the souce of the hazard, transform the concequences, changed the probabilities, transferred the risk or maintain the risk. (2009, risk manageent dictionary 2010) Monitoring- Supervising Frequent checking, critically observing or determining the status in order to identify change from the performance level required or predictable. (2009, risk manageent dictionary 2010) Review- Activity undertaken to determine the adequacy, suitability and effectiveness of the subject matter to achieve established objectives. (2009, risk manageent dictionary 2010) Risk Reporting- Communication metohd to inform about the current state of risk and its management to internal and external stakholders. Risk Appetite- it’s the quantity to which the organization is ready to take the risk to achieve its business objectives. It is often said that more risk more gains. But the risk receiving of every organization differ depending upon its financial backup. Risk Tolerance- Organization’s or stakeholder’s readiness to bear the risk after risk treatment in order to achieve its objectives. Risk Treatment- The processes used by the organization to identify and treat the risks to bring the non-desired outcomes to the minimum in the chance of their occurring. This is basically done by following principal called ACAT (Avoid, Control, Accept, and Transfer) of the risks. (Business Dictionary, n. d. ) Risk Transfer- It’s defined as transferring a risk of negative impact to another organization that is willing to take on this risk with common understanding. (Business Dictionary, n. d. ) Stakeholders- A person or an organization that can affect or be affected by a decision or an action of the organization. AS/ANZ ISO 31000:2009 distinguishes between internal and external stakeholders. (Business Dictionary, n. d. ) 4. Objective of risk management Plan The group has a clear vision for its objectives and after having an established business network with a diversified outlook towards its policies, it has successfully accelerated its growth. This now naturally prompts the management to look at the next logical step of preserving all these aspects with a fully integrated risk management plan. Here, it is required from the management to initiate steps to control the inherent risks and it is advisable for the management that it follows the guidelines proposed in AS/ANZ ISO 31000:2009 (Risk Management-Principles and Guidelines) which should be implemented along with the strategic guidelines proposed in IEC/ISO 31010 (Risk Management-Risk Assessment Technique Standard) to identify such inherent risks. The Travco Group, having now attained a global exposure to business practices should now look into the methods of defining its objectives for a risk management plan on a global level. The main objective of plan is to identify mechanism of RMP, which will be implemented to manage and control the possible threat that may have negative effect on any of the business areas, increase the organizational performance, having strong presence in the market, strong relationship with partners, strong comparison team, timely feedback, observing competitors, having, quick decision making and positive action . These plan objectives are, identification, assessment, mitigation, contingency Planning, treatment and monitor and review Further risk which could be faced due to globalization of business nature it has made the group to face international competition and this exposes the group companies to threats and risks at a global level . In AS/ANZ ISO 31000:2009 (Risk Management-Principles and Guidelines), it can be perceived that the following are the areas of concern for the company which is now trying to establish itself on a broader platform and therefore must have clear objectives for its Pre- and Post-expansion plans. Risk Management Objectives to be observed by a Company Pre-Operative ObjectivesPost-Operative Objectives Economic FactorsOperational Continuity Social FactorsMaintaining Growth External ObligationsCustomer Responsibility Internal Conflicts of ViewsMarket Survival Tactics The risk threats for the Travco Group into three important areas which can be the cause of concern for it – (a) Financial Forces; (b) Political Forces; and (c) Market Forces and the purpose of this report is to highlight and discuss them on this platform . Risk Management Objectives to be observed by Travco Financial ForcesPolitical ForcesMarket Forces Economic FactorsSocial FactorsOperational Continuity Maintaining GrowthExternal ObligationsCustomer Responsibility Internal Conflicts of ViewsMarket Survival Tactics 4. 1Financial Forces Financial forces that are external in nature, always pose threats at the least expected time. The central control station of the Travco Group is located in Egypt and as it opens up new business locations which are far and further from its central control station, the chances of the company becoming target of external risks, because of circumstances beyond its control, becomes greater. Hence the management has to be extra cautious in financial matters and should exercise the option of more control through a robust Internal Audit Systems. It is advisable that the management adopts the policy of greater management and reporting transparency at all levels. It has been observed in financial matters and explained in the Risk Management-Risk Assessment Technique Standard of IEC/ISO 31010 that any change in policy or functional strategy can prove to be futile for the group. Hence the management has to take care that it makes its moves regarding financial, manpower and equipment after due diligence. A focused risk management plan is required at this stage which makes the optimal use of the company’s available resources and propagates further its social responsibility and corporate governance . 4. 2Political Forces It has been observed all over the world that a political change in government often leads to changes in the policies of the government. When a company, such as Travco is expanding into foreign lands its management should take extra care in dealing with the changes as the new policies are often pro-domestic and anti-foreign investment. The management of the Travco Group should keep in mind that recently even Egypt has undergone turmoil in its political circles and the Asian countries are prone to be affected by such changes. The management has also to keep a watch on the external affairs policies of the present government in its home country, as these would determine the future outcome of the group’s overseas ventures . 4. 3Market Forces It is evident that the Travco Group will have to face intense competition from the domestic sector of the country where it diversifies its business activities. This will be faced by the group even inside Egypt, where it is expanding its operations and adding new markets to its expanding. The group has to deal with such situations with utmost care and should endeavor to maintain flexible relations with its clients and associates at all levels 5. Creation of risk management Policy It is important that Travco Travel, its other associates and its parent group pursue policies according to the guidelines of AS/ANZ 31000:2009 for a competitive risk management plan, which it can make applicable to all its units across all sectors, whether domestic or foreign. This should be done by the management with a view to maintain linear growth of the group and to ensure that regulations are followed and group policies are not affected. 5. 1Role of the Board The Board of Directors of all companies of the group must take directions from the central governing body of the group, which functions under the guidance of Mr. Hamed el chiaty its founder and Chairman of Board. The central board should give out clear and bold decisions concerning financial control, marketing strategies and employee empowerment. 5. 2Role of the Risk Management Office As the Travco Group has started expanding its operations on international levels, it is very essential for it to set up a separate risk management and control office which should monitor, regulate and implement the group’s risk management plans across all the segments of the group. Such an office should have full backing of the central board of the group. It is advisable and also recommended by the Risk Management-Risk Assessment Techniques Standard policy of IEC/ISO 31010 that all the individual board members, who are fully conversant with their company’s internal and external risk threats and who have been designated with powers to control, are involved at the central board level in maintaining and correlating the various measures needed to ward-off internal and external risks. 5. 3Role of Internal Auditors This is a very essential and is a mandatory requirement as per the guidelines of the Risk Management-Principles and Guidelines of AS/ANZ ISO 31000:2009. The risk committee will on below. 5. 4Risk Committee CEO and Senior management In case where the risk leave is extreme, risk mitigation plan is required, risk is unacceptable, detailed research and management planning required at senior levels 5. 5Senior Management In case where the risk is high mitigation plan required, senior management attention needed, decision on acceptance of risk to be made by Process Owner and Process Manager 5.6 Middle line manager (supervisors) Management responsibility must be specified, decision on acceptance of risk to be made by Process Manager 5. 7Staff and Contractors Where the risk is low and acceptable which is monitored and managed by routine process 5. 8Policy Requirements How the policy is overviewed on quarterly basis if it needs to be changed, add new addendum to make sure it’s will upda ted with market place. Further how the policy is circulated with all staff within the organization 5. 9Review and approval Policy has to be approved by the risk committee 6. Interdependency of risk management with strategic planning Once the objectives have been set and policies have been formulated, the company should then concentrate on a ‘Strategic Plan’ so that the objectives and policies can be implemented effectively. At this stage, when it is in an expansion mode, it is essential and imperative for the group management to finalize its strategic plan so that it can consolidate its current resources and focus on future risk management. Under these circumstances, the decision making process of the group should have an inbuilt strong work culture which should form an integral part of the central management team. It has been observed that during such expansion phases, the management of individual companies has to take extra precaution, as far as the issues of internal and external risk threats are concerned. The Travco Group is a service oriented group and the management has to be alert about the ever changing trends in customer’s demands . Travco has to maintain a steady clientage, a loyal workforce and a trustworthy group of associates for future growth. Risk management is about – ? Maintaining Financial Strength; ?Maintaining Loyal Workforce; ?Maintaining Steady Clientage; ?Maintaining Supportive Associates. Strategic planning is also about the above mentioned factors and the Travco Group has to focus on the satisfaction of its clients by maintaining competitive prices and provide quality service. Easy communication facilities across the internet combined with new technologies not only benefits the Travco Group but also exposes it to the global competitors. Therefore it is essential that Financial gains, market control and risk management plans are controlled simultaneously for a sustained growth †¢Increase the number of clients from all the incoming outgoing sectors †¢Try to retain all upcoming markets share from new emerging markets †¢To maintain satisfaction and reliability image with partners and shareholders †¢To preserve the safety and security of gust assets and employees. †¢To expand the TUI / Travco group around the globe. 7. Relationship with Corporate Governance The management structure of the group has been built with a view to provide compliance with the Risk Aversion Policies of the group. The aim of such a governance structure is to control implementation of rules, effective implementation of the management’s decisions and to have quick and appropriate actions which ensure that the group progresses, attains its targets to fulfill the aspirations of stakeholders, employees and customers. The group should adopt such measures on a daily basis and managers at all levels should be involved to identify risk areas, establish management control procedures and implement the risk management plan. As shown below, accountability, authority, responsibility and skill management values should be maintained in the company hierarchy Responsibility The organization has to take full responsibility in case any of its employee’s action and stand by them. Ethical work atmosphere- lt should develop policies to differentiate all illegal and immoral practices within and outside the organization which comes under its scope of works.

All Quiet On The Western Front Essays (539 words) -

All Quiet On The Western Front "All Quiet on the Western Front" was written in a first person style. The story was told by Paul Bamer, a nineteen year old student, convinced to enlist with the German army by his schoolmaster, Kantorek. Along with many of his friends from school, he is trained under Corporal Himmelstoss, a strictly disciplined commander who dislikes Paul because of his "defiance." When sent to the front, Paul, along with his other friends, made new friendships that would last throughout time. His newly made friend/commander, was a man named Stanislaus Katczinsky. As a man of forty years of age he was an wise old man as well as a friend to the young eighteen and nineteen year old recruits. After visiting the front for long stretches Paul is given fourteen days of leave where he can visit his ill mother at his own home. After this leave he is sent back to training and then back to the front. His trip is lengthened when he discovers that his unit has been reassigned to another area. Finding his unit, he reunites with his friends and joins up with them again in the war efforts. While searching in "no man's land," Paul is confined to a shell hole for a long night. During this night a French soldier falls in the hole and Paul stabs him. The hours to come are very hard for Paul as he comforts and waits for the Englishman to die. Paul's group has a stroke of luck when they were assigned to defend a village. Since no inhabitants were left they were able to go through the houses to take and use whatever they wanted. This luck, however, did not last forever. One day the French came and began shelling the village. While evacuating Paul and his friend Albert Kropp were injured by gunshot wounds. They were bandaged up and sent on a train back home. This ride home took a turn. When Kropp got a fever he was scheduled to be dropped off at the next stop. In order for Paul to stay with his friend, he had to convince the nurse that he also was sick from infection. After being dropped off they were taken to a Catholic hospital to be treated. After a few weeks Kropp's leg is overcome with infection and is amputated at the thigh. After a few more weeks Paul and Kropp parted, Paul going back to the war and Kropp going home. Returning to the front was hard for Paul. The days were getting cold and one by one he watched his friends die. The hardest loss was that of Kat. After Kat had been shot, Paul had to carry Kat to the nearest dressing station a few miles away. Stopping every few minutes to rest, Paul frequently checked to make sure that Kat, even with his injury, was ok. When at last Paul reached the dressing station the nurse told him that Kat was dead. When Paul checked again a small shell fragment had just penetrated that back of Kat's head. He was still even warm. Kat was the last of Paul's friends to die in the war. Then, in October of 1918, Paul finally fell. The book describes his death as, "...his face had an expression of calm, as though almost glad the end had come." The war ended the next month.

Using the Scoring Rubric and Sample Student Answers As Your Scoring Guideline

Using the Scoring Rubric and Sample Student Answers As Your Scoring GuidelineWhen it comes to using the scoring rubric and sample student answers as your scoring guideline, it's important to remember that this is not a one-size-fits-all approach. The people who are taking the SAT will have vastly different backgrounds, experiences, and motivations, so the answer choices you see in the scoring rubric could have a huge impact on which student scores the highest. The easy thing to do, then, is to give each section a score based on the fact that a lot of people are seeing it.If you're still using the sample student answers as your scoring guideline, it can be very helpful to keep the following things in mind. First, no matter how good the solution may seem to be, it won't work for everyone. While everyone will find that some solutions are a little easier than others, there are still going to be differences.Secondly, you shouldn't use the scoring rubric and sample student answers as your scoring guideline because you want to set yourself up as the hero in your own story. If you focus too much on what others are doing, you'll make yourself look like the bad guy. If you focus too much on what other people are doing, you won't get the credit that you deserve. What they're doing is their own business; you need to do yours, too.In general, people tend to create answers to questions with an eye toward making them sound more like they're trying to impress the professor or whoever is grading the test, rather than looking at the best answers to come up with the answers that are actually best for them. You need to know that, while there are going to be some good answers on the test, not all of them will apply to you. You need to know that you have the edge. There are going to be questions on the test that are easier for you than others, but the important thing is to figure out which answers will help you most.What can you do if you're still using the scoring rubric and sample student answers as your scoring guideline? There are many things that you can do to make sure that you understand the different kinds of students who will be on the test. You can become familiar with SAT topics, for example, or start to learn about what kinds of questions are designed to test certain traits.By looking at your answer choices and figuring out where you need to make adjustments, you can make a bigger improvement than by just reading everything off of the page and filling in the gaps yourself. By looking at your answers, you can see where you need to focus your attention. That's a better way to improve your score, anyway.Some people find that certain things that they've seen in the scoring rubric don't apply to them, so that's something to keep in mind as well. Since so many different people take the SAT, the key is to get used to looking at a test from a completely different perspective, and that can only happen if you spend time learning about the different problems that the test will present you with.

The Best Great Gatsby Timeline

The Best Great Gatsby Timeline SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Sometimes, even when you've carefully read a book and tried to follow all the intricacies of which character did what and when, you just can't quite put the whole thing together. That goes double for a novel likeThe Great Gatsby, which uses literary devices like flashbacks and flashforwards to explain the behavior of its characters in its present. But don't fret! In this article, I've taken all of the novel's events and rearranged them in straightforward, chronological order. This completeGreat Gatsby timeline allows you tosee exactly when all of the book's events took place, and also get individual chronologies for each major character. Why Make a Great GatsbyTimeline? There are several good reasons why a timeline that organizes the book's events is a useful tool. First, a timeline jettisons potentially confusing time-shifts. Even though the novel is told mostly chronologically, ithas several flashbacks and flashforwards. The most notable flashbacks revolve aroundJames Gatz's transformation into Jay Gatsby, and what happened between him and Daisy. Meanwhile, the flashforwards take us into Nick's present-day framing narrative, after his disenchanted return to the Midwest. Second, reordering all of these events in a clear chronology can help clarify the motivations and emotions behind character behavior.Putting Tom, Nick, and Gatsby’s activities side by side can help with compare/contrast assignments by reframing your thoughts about what they were each going through at a particular time. Finally, a warning.Watch out for other timelines out there on the web.I’ve found such mistakes as: Some timelines claim Gatsby was born in 1892 - but this is wrong. Fitzgerald gives enough dates, ages, and other details to accurately determine the right yearsfor the book’s events. Some timelines claim that Dan Cody died in 1910 - again, wrong. That Daisy and Gatsby first date occurred in August - nope, it’s October, which is important for the novel’s seasons motif. The Great Gatsby Timeline 1851 Nick Carraway's grandfather's brother starts the hardware business that his family owns. "the actual founder of my line was my grandfather's brother who came here in fifty-one, sent a substitute to the Civil War and started the wholesale hardware business that my father carries on today" (1.5) 1857 Dan Cody is born. (We know this because he is 50 years old when he meets Gatsby on Lake Superior in 1907.) 1890 James Gatz is born in North Dakota toHenry C. Gatz.. (We know this because he is 17 years old when he meets Dan Cody in 1907.) â€Å"His parents were shiftless and unsuccessful farm people- his imagination had never really accepted them as his parents at all.† (6.7) 1892 Nick Carraway is born in a Midwestern city. (We know this because he turns 30 in 1922, the summer the novel takes place.) â€Å"My family have been prominent, well-to-do people in this middle-western city for three generations. The Carraways are something of a clan† (1.5) Tom Buchanan is born to a very prominent family in Chicago. (We know this because he is 30 during the summer when the novel takes place.) "Now he was a sturdy, straw haired man of thirty with a rather hard mouth and a supercilious manner." (1.19) 1899 Daisy Fay is born in Louisville, Kentucky. (We know this because she is 18 when she meets Gatsby in Louisville in 1917.) â€Å"Our white girlhood was passed together there. Our beautiful white†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (1.140) 1901 Jordan Baker is born in Louisville, Kentucky. (We know this because she says that Daisy is two years older.) "The largest of the banners and the largest of the lawns belonged to Daisy Fay's house. She was just eighteen, two years older than me, and by far the most popular of all the young girls in Louisville." (4.130) 1902 Dan Cody, Gatsby's mentor, buys his yacht the Tuolomee and starts sailing. He does this to get away from Ella Kaye, his estranged second wife. "The none too savory ramifications by which Ella Kaye, the newspaper woman, played Madame de Maintenon to his weakness and sent him to sea in a yacht, were common knowledge to the turgid journalism of 1902." (6.11) 1906 James Gatz works as a clam digger and salmon fisher on Lake Superior, and tries to go to St. Olaf Lutheran College in southern Minnesota before dropping outtwo weeks later unhappy to be working as a janitor to support himself. "For over a year he had been beating his way along the south shore of Lake Superior as a clam digger and a salmon fisher ... An instinct toward his future glory had led him, some months before, to the small Lutheran college of St. Olaf in southern Minnesota. He stayed there two weeks ... despising the janitor's work with which he was to pay his way through. Then he drifted back to Lake Superior" (6.8-10) 1907 James Gatz, 17 years old, meets Dan Cody in Little Girl Bay on Lake Superior and changes his name to Jay Gatsby. "James Gatz- that was really, or at least legally, his name. He had changed it at the age of seventeen and at the specific moment that witnessed the beginning of his career- when he saw Dan Cody's yacht drop anchor over the most insidious flat on Lake Superior ... So he invented just the sort of Jay Gatsby that a seventeen-year-old boy would be likely to invent, and to this conception he was faithful to the end." (6.6-6.7) â€Å"Cody was fifty years old then, a product of the Nevada silver fields, of the Yukon, of every rush for metal since Seventy-five. The transactions in Montana copper that made him many times a millionaire ... He had been coasting along all too hospitable shores for five years when he turned up as James Gatz's destiny at Little Girl Bay.† (6.11) 1907-1912 Gatsby sails the seas with Cody for five years. â€Å"He was employed in a vague personal capacity- while he remained with Cody he was in turn steward, mate, skipper, secretary, and even jailor, for Dan Cody [put] more and more trust in Gatsby ... The arrangement lasted five years during which the boat went three times around the continent.† (6.13) 1910 Myrtle marries George Wilson. (We know this because Wilson tells Michaelis that he and Myrtle have been married 12 years by the summer of 1922 when the novel takes place.) "I married him because I thought he was a gentleman," she said finally. "I thought he knew something about breeding, but he wasn't fit to lick my shoe†¦.The only crazy I was was when I married him. I knew right away I made a mistake.† (2.112-116) 1911 Myrtle and George Wilson move into the apartment above the garage in the valley of ashes. "They've been living over that garage for eleven years. And Tom's the first sweetie she ever had." (2.117) Nick Carraway and Tom Buchanan go to Yale University. (We know this because they graduate in 1915.) 1912 Dan Cody dies in Boston. Heleaves $25,000 to Gatsby, but Ella Kaye uses legal means to take away this inheritance. Gatsby is penniless but has learned polished manners and how the rich operate. 1914 World War I begins. 1915 Nick Carraway graduates from Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut, and goes to fight in WWI. "I graduated from New Haven in 1915, just a quarter of a century after my father, and a little later I participated in that delayed Teutonic migration known as the Great War." (1.6) Tom Buchanan also graduates from Yale University. â€Å"one of the most powerful ends that ever played football at New Haven- a national figure in a way, one of those men who reach such an acute limited excellence at twenty-one that everything afterward savors of anti-climax. †¦ there were men at New Haven who had hated his guts† (1.16-20) October 1917 Gatsby is stationed at Camp Taylor in Louisville, where hemeets Daisy Fay (he is 27, she is 18). They are together for a month, and he is shocked by how much in love with her he falls. â€Å"He knew that Daisy was extraordinary ... He felt married to her, that was all.† (8.13) Jordan also meets Gatsby. "One October day in nineteen-seventeen-(said Jordan Baker that afternoon, sitting up very straight on a straight chair in the tea-garden at the Plaza Hotel) - I was walking ... to Daisy Fay's house ... she was sitting in it with a lieutenant I had never seen before ... The officer looked at Daisy while she was speaking, in a way that every young girl wants to be looked at sometime, and because it seemed romantic to me I have remembered the incident ever since. His name was Jay Gatsby" (4.129-133) Winter 1917-1918 Gatsby leaves for Europe to fight in WWI. Wild rumors were circulating about her- how her mother had found her packing her bag one winter night to go to New York and say goodbye to a soldier who was going overseas. (4.134) 1918 Jordan becomes a professional golfer. She is later mired in a cheating scandal, but nothing is proven. "That was nineteen-seventeen. By the next year I had a few beaux myself, and I began to play in tournaments" (4.134) September 1918 Gatsby fights with distinction in the Argonne Battle, and thenis promoted to Captain and then to Major. He also receives several medals. "He did extraordinarily well in the war. He was a captain before he went to the front and following the Argonne battles he got his majority and the command of the divisional machine guns." (8.17) 1919 After Armistice, Gatsby spends fivemonths at Oxford University in England, in a program for army officers. "It was in nineteen-nineteen, I only stayed five months. That's why I can't really call myself an Oxford man ... It was an opportunity they gave to some of the officers after the Armistice," he continued. "We could go to any of the universities in England or France."" (7.218-220) June 1919 Despite some reluctance, Daisy marries Tom Buchanan. â€Å"â€Å"Tell 'em all Daisy's change' her mine. Say 'Daisy's change' her mine!'." She began to cry- she cried and cried†¦Next day at five o'clock she married Tom Buchanan without so much as a shiver† (4.140-142) August 1919 Tom Buchanan has an affair with a chambermaid during the honeymoon. "That was in August ... Tom ran into a wagon on the Ventura road one night ... The girl who was with him ... was one of the chambermaids in the Santa Barbara Hotel." (4.143) October 1919 Meyer Wolfshiem fixes the 1919 World Series. â€Å"The idea staggered me †¦ if I had thought of it at all I would have thought of it as a thing that merely happened, the end of some inevitable chain. It never occurred to me that one man could start to play with the faith of fifty million people† (4.115) November 1919 Gatsby returns to Louisville while Daisy and Tom are on their multi-month honeymoon. â€Å"He stayed there a week, walking the streets where their footsteps had clicked together †¦ He stretched out his hand desperately as if to snatch only a wisp of air, to save a fragment of the spot that she had made lovely for him. But it was all going by too fast now for his blurred eyes and he knew that he had lost that part of it, the freshest and the best, forever.† (8.28-30) Gatsby goes to New York and asks his future partner, Meyer Wolfsheim, for a job. "I made him †¦ I raised him up out of nothing, right out of the gutter. I saw right away he was a fine appearing, gentlemanly young man, and ... I knew I could use him good. ... We were so thick like that in everything- " He held up two bulbous fingers "- always together." (9.85-87) January 1920 Prohibition goes into effect through the passage of the 18th Amendment, which outlawed most kinds of alcohol. Prohibition spurswidespreadunderground organized crime (represented by Meyer Wolfshiem and Gatsby in the novel). April 1920 Daisy gives birth to Pammy, and the Buchanans move to France. "The next April Daisy had her little girl and they went to France for a year. I saw them one spring in Cannes and later in and then they came back to Chicago to settle down." (4.144) 1921 The Buchanans move to Chicago, where Nick visits them for 2 days, then to East Egg on Long Island, New York. Spring 1922 Tom starts an affair with Myrtle Wilson. â€Å"When we came into the station he was next to me and his white shirt-front pressed against my arm- and so I told him I'd have to call a policeman, but he knew I lied. I was so excited that when I got into a taxi with him I didn't hardly know I wasn't getting into a subway train.† (2.120) June 1922 Nick decides to learn bond trading in New York. He rents a small house in West Egg, Long Island, next door to Gatsby’s mansion. Nick has lunch with the Buchanans (Daisy is his cousin), and meets Jordan Baker. Nick has a brief relationship with a woman from Jersey City. "I even had a short affair with a girl who lived in Jersey City and worked in the accounting department, but her brother began throwing mean looks in my direction so when she went on her vacation in July I let it blow quietly away." (3.155) July 2, 1922 Tom takes Nick to meet Myrtle. They go to a Manhattan apartment, to a small party that ends with Tom punching Myrtle in the face for talking about Daisy. (We know the exact date because Nick notes that it was two days before the 4th of July holiday.) July 1922 Nick is invited to one of Gatsby’s house parties and meets him. Also at the party is Owl-Eyes, the guest who enthuses about Gatsby’s library. â€Å"People were not invited- they went there. †¦ they conducted themselves according to the rules of behavior associated with amusement parks. Sometimes they came and went without having met Gatsby at all† (3.7) Nick starts a relationship with Jordan Baker. Gatsby takes Nick out to lunch, where Nick meets Meyer Wolfshiem, and where Gatsby meets Tom. Jordan tells Nick that Gatsby and Daisy had been in love five years before. Nick invites Daisy over for tea so that Gatsby can â€Å"drop by† and he and Daisy reconnect. August 1922 A reporter comes by to investigate the rumors about Gatsby. "It was a random shot, and yet the reporter's instinct was right. Gatsby's notoriety, spread about by the hundreds who had accepted his hospitality and so become authorities on his past, had increased all summer until he fell just short of being news. " (6.5) Tom Buchanan meets Gatsby when Tom stops by Gatsby’s in the middle of a horseback ride. "I went over to his house one Sunday afternoon. I hadn't been there two minutes when somebody brought Tom Buchanan in for a drink ... Tom and a man named Sloane and a pretty woman in a brown riding habit" (6.17-18) Tom and Daisy come to Gatsby’s next party, which Daisy hates. Gatsby and Daisy begin their affair; Gatsby fires his staff and stops his parties. "I hear you fired all your servants." "I wanted somebody who wouldn't gossip. Daisy comes over quite often- in the afternoons." So the whole caravansary had fallen in like a card house at the disapproval in her eyes." (7.13-15) Daisy invites Nick and Gatsby for lunch at her house. She and Gatsby plan to reveal their love to Tom, but instead in the unbearably hot day, the group decides to go to Manhattan to the Plaza Hotel. There, Gatsby reveals the affair, and Tom reveals that Gatsby’s money comes from crime. Daisy is unwilling to completely renounce Tom, which decimates Gatsby. Daisy decides to stay with Tom. ""Oh, you want too much!" she cried to Gatsby. "I love you now- isn't that enough? I can't help what's past." She began to sob helplessly. "I did love him once- but I loved you too." Gatsby's eyes opened and closed. "You loved me too?" he repeated." (7.264-266) On the way back from the hotel, Daisy, driving Gatsby’s car, runs over and kills Myrtle Wilson. That night, Tom convinces George Wilson that it was actually Gatsby who killed Myrtle. Also that night, Gatsby decides that he will take the blame for Myrtle’s death, and Nick and Jordan break up. The next day, Tom and Daisy skip town for good. Later that day, Wilson shoots and kills Gatsby and then himself. September 1922 The murder-suicide is mischaracterized as the actions of a deranged grieving husband, and there is no mention of the Buchanans or of Myrtle’s affair in the police report. Gatsby’s father, Henry Gatz comes to the funeral from Minnesota. â€Å"a solemn old man very helpless and dismayed, bundled up in a long cheap ulster against the warm September day. His eyes leaked continuously with excitement† (9.33) Nick can’t find anyone else to come to the funeral. Even Wolfshiem refuses to come. â€Å"Let us learn to show our friendship for a man when he is alive and not after he is dead† (9.99) Owl-eyes is the only other person who comes to the funeral. October 1922 Nick hashes things out with Jordan. Nick runs into Tom in Manhattan, where Tom confesses to telling Wilson that Gatsby was driving the car that killed Myrtle. November 1922 Completely disillusioned and horrified, Nick moves back home to the Midwest. â€Å"West Egg especially still figures in my more fantastic dreams. I see it as a night scene by El Greco: a hundred houses, at once conventional and grotesque, crouching under a sullen, overhanging sky and a lustreless moon.† (9.126) 1924 Nick writes the storyabout Gatsby and that fateful summer - this story is the novel that we are reading. â€Å"After two years I remember the rest of that day, and that night and the next day, only as an endless drill of police and photographers and newspaper men in and out of Gatsby's front door. ... When I came back from the East last autumn I felt that I wanted the world to be in uniform and at a sort of moral attention forever; I wanted no more riotous excursions with privileged glimpses into the human heart. Only Gatsby, the man who gives his name to this book, was exempt from my reaction- Gatsby who represented everything for which I have an unaffected scorn.† (9.1-4) The whole novel is basically Nick's furious journaling about his formative summer. Individual Character Timelines If you're writing a character analysis, or comparing two characters to each other, it may help to have those characters' biographies separate from the novel as a whole. Jay Gatsby Timeline James Gatz isborn in 1890 in North Dakota. In 1907, after a year of clam digging and fishing and two weeks at St. Olaf College in Minnesota, James Gatz changes his name to Jay Gatsby and meets Dan Cody. Gatsby sails with Dan Cody from 1907 to 1912, when he loses the inheritance Cody wanted to leave him to Cody's wife. In October 1917, Daisy and Gatsby meet in Louisville and date for a month, before Gatsby ships out to fight in WWI. Gatsby fights with distinction, is promoted to Major, and gets several medals. In 1919, he spends five months studying at Oxford University, then returns to the states and gets a job with Meyer Wolfshiem. Gatsby buys a house across the bay from Daisy and Tom. Gatsby takes Nick out to lunch, where Nick meets Meyer Wolfshiem, and where Gatsby meets Tom. Nick invites Daisy over for tea so that Gatsby can â€Å"drop by† and he and Daisy reconnect. Gatsby and Daisy begin their affair; Gatsby fires his staff and stops his parties. Daisy is unwilling to completely renounce Tom, which decimates Gatsby. Daisy decides to stay with Tom. Daisy, driving Gatsby’s car, runs over and kills Myrtle Wilson. Nick Carraway Timeline Nick Carraway isborn in 1892 in aMidwestern city. Nick goes to Yale University from 1911 to 1915, at the same time as Tom Buchanan. After graduation, Nick goes off to fight in WWI. In the summer of1922, Nick moves to West Egg, New York, to sell bonds. He rents a house next door to Gatsby. Nick starts dating Jordan Baker and meets Tom's mistress. Gatsby takes Nick out to lunch, where Nick meets Meyer Wolfshiem, and where Gatsby meets Tom. Nick moves back to the Midwest in the fall of 1922. Nick invites Daisy over for tea so that Gatsby can â€Å"drop by† and he and Daisy reconnect. Nick breaks up with Jordan when she is completely unmoved by Myrtle's death. Nick ends up being in charge of Gatsby's funeral and can't find anyone to come. Completely disillusioned and horrified, Nick moves back home to the Midwest. Two years later, in 1924, Nick writes the story that is the novel we are reading. Daisy Buchanan Timeline Daisy Fay is born in 1899 in Louisville, Kentucky. She grows up friends with Jordan Baker. In October 1917, Daisy and Gatsby meet in Louisville and date for a month, before Gatsby ships out to fight in WWI. Daisy marries Tom Buchanan in June 1919. In 1920, Daisy gives birth to Pammy, and the Buchanansmove to France for a year, before coming back to Chicago, and then to East Egg. Nick invites Daisy over for tea so that Gatsby can â€Å"drop by† and he and Daisy reconnect. Gatsby and Daisy begin their affair. Daisy is unwilling to completely renounce Tom, which decimates Gatsby. Daisy decides to stay with Tom. Daisy, driving Gatsby’s car, runs over and kills Myrtle Wilson. The next day, Tom and Daisy skip town for good. Tom Buchanan Timeline Tom Buchanan is born in 1892 in Chicago, Illinois. Tomgoes to Yale University from 1911 to 1915, where he is a star football player. Daisy marries Tom Buchanan in June 1919. On their honeymoon, he has his first affair. In 1920, Daisy gives birth to Pammy, and the Buchanansmove to France for a year, before coming back to Chicago, and then to East Egg. In the spring of 1922, Tom starts an affair with Myrtle Wilson. In early summer, Nick comes to dinner at Tom and Daisy's house, where Tom praises a recent racist book. On July 2, 1922,Tom takes Nick to meet Myrtle. They go to a Manhattan apartment, to a small party that ends with Tom punching Myrtle in the face for talking about Daisy. In August,Tom meets Gatsby when Tom stops by Gatsby’s in the middle of a horseback ride. Daisy is unwilling to completely renounce Tom, which decimates Gatsby. Daisy decides to stay with Tom. After Daisy, driving Gatsby’s car, runs over and kills Myrtle Wilson, Tom convinces Wilson that the car's driver was actually Gatsby. The next day, Tom and Daisy skip town for good. In October,Nick runs into Tom in Manhattan, where Tom confesses to telling Wilson that Gatsby was driving the car that killed Myrtle. Myrtle Wilson Timeline In 1910, Myrtle marries George Wilson. Myrtle and George move into theapartment above the garage in 1911. In the spring of 1922, Tom starts an affair with Myrtle Wilson. On July 2, 1922,Tom takes Nick to meet Myrtle. They go to a Manhattan apartment, to a small party that ends with Tom punching Myrtle in the face for talking about Daisy. George figures out that Myrtle is having an affair. He locks her in their house until he can get enough money to leave the city. Trying to escape, Myrtle runs out toward Gatsby's car because she thinksTom is driving. Daisy, driving Gatsby’s car, runs over and kills Myrtle Wilson. George Wilson Timeline In 1910, Myrtle marries George Wilson. Myrtle and George move into theapartment above the garage in 1911. In the summer of 1922, George tries repeatedly to convince Tom to sell his car to George so that George can resell it. George figures out that Myrtle is having an affair. He locks her in their house until he can get enough money to leave the city. Daisy, driving Gatsby’s car, runs over and kills Myrtle Wilson, which completely devastates and unhinges George. The next day,GeorgeWilson shoots and kills Gatsby and then himself. What's Next Read our summary of the novel's plot in the order that it happens. Learn the significance behind the novel’s title, itsbeginning, and its ending. Use your newfound understanding of the characters' lives to get more meaning out of our overview of the charactersor dive deeper with our detailed character analyses. Learn the background of and context for the novel in our explanations of the history of the composition of the bookand the biography of F. Scott Fitzgerald. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Micro economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Micro economics - Essay Example Choice and revealed preference are two important factors affecting consumer demand Economic aspect looks at decision making of households. It is more concerned with demand and supply and the effect of changing prices on the former two. Marketing approach looks at not just the impact of price but also of promotions, advertising, distribution, branding etc. Economic concepts hold the condition of cetrus paribus (all else held constant). They assume that the consumer is rational and will not make un practical decisions. The marketing aspect includes the effect of emotions, feelings, point of purchase advertising material etc. They assume that the consumer can be affected something as small as the music being played in a shop. They assume that consumers can even make irrational decisions as according to the concept impulse buying. Economics is all about making choices. People make choices because they cant have everything they want. Whenever a choice is made, something is given up. The opportunity cost of that choice is the value of the best alternative given up. People whose wants are satisfied by using goods and services are called consumers. To make efficient decisions - decisions that provide the greatest possible return from the resources available, people and society must weigh the benefits and costs of using their resources to do more of some things, and less of others. The Economic approach goes into the demand and supply details. It looks at household buying power and savings. It also looks at spousal control in household buying decisions. The decision making framework (under uncertainity) is characterized as Consumer economics is also included in this area of economics. It is a broad field, principally concerned with microeconomic analysis behavior in units of consumers, families, or individuals (in contrast to traditional economics, which primarily government or business units). It sometimes also encompasses family financial planning and

Exam I Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Exam I - Essay Example The Mexican civilization decided to learn from the ancient Toltec. For Aztec, the Toltec were the origins of all cultures. There were several mythologies for Aztec because they had combined several traditions with their own earlier traditions. This resulted in the formation of diverse culture in Mexico. The Ixtlilxochitl’s legend is one of the most important and complete creation in Mexican mythology. According to the myth Lord is the one who created the universe, stars, animals, mountains and humans. The mythological stories created by the Mixtecs are also important in the origin of Mexican mythology. It mainly describes about the isolation of people of the Southern part of Mexico. Apart from them the Mexican Noah and the Sacrificed Princess are some other important mythologies of Mexican origins. The Mexican Noah describes about the destruction of the world due to evil nature of humans. On the other hand the sacrificed princess describes about the ritual of sacrifice. The Fugitive Prince is another Mexican mythology that describes about the greed and self-survival nature of humans. The political advancements are clearly visible from this mythology. There are several other mythologies that have built up the Mexican beliefs. The most important part of the Mexican mythology i s unity in diversity. Despite the existence of several civilizations and cultures the pattern of worship is almost similar. The Huitzilopochtli is the best example of Mexican mythology that proves the common patterns of the Mexican beliefs. It is about the rising up of the skies of the South and it is surrounded by trees, divination symbols, temples and patterns. The Aztec mythology is the collection of myths of Central Mexico and Aztec civilization. Mictlantecuhtli and Quetzalcoatl are the two Gods worshipped by the Mexican people as the God of